…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date…

…IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through…

…septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava…

…carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic…

…left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment…

…with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally reduced breath…

…illness or after prolonged very high intake More than 90 percent of withdrawal seizures occur within 48 hours. Seizures later than this, focal seizures or…

…4]. Step 2: look systematically for acute organ damage Organ or condition Findings to look for Initial investigation : : : CNS Confusion, reduced consciousness, visual disturbance, foca

…brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred speech visual disturbance confusion focal neurological signs drowsiness or unconsciousness seizures coma The symptom threshold…

…particularly in individuals younger than 35 years during or after vigorous exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery is less frequent but is considered…

…Lesion location also matters: stenoses in the left main stem or proximal left anterior descending artery are more likely to affect flow because they supply…

…consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension…

…Hypotension or shock Acute severe aortic regurgitation with heart failure Cardiac tamponade from haemopericardium Myocardial ischaemia from coronary ostial compromise Focal neurological deficits or non…

…predominantly affects the left sided coronary circulation and may involve multiple vessels. Pregnancy associated SCAD can occur at any stage of pregnancy or after delivery…