…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…appearance. Some patients develop nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects without any change in their QRS appearance. Such conduction delays may be due to myocardial fibrosis, amyloidosis…

…this can lead to thickening of the pulmonary valve and, subsequently, narrowing of the valvular orifice. Carcinoid heart disease may also lead to endocardial fibrosis…

…causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart surgery Myocarditis Collagen disease Amyloidosis Risk of supraventricular…

…slowing of impulse conduction prior to the AV node. This is mostly due to fibrosis of atrial myocardium. The ECG shows, besides prolonged PR interval…

…ventricular fibrosis, LVOT obstruction, age, and left ventricular function. The HCM Risk SCD score aims to identify individuals with a high risk of SCD and…

…and neurohormonal changes that further worsen the hemodynamic situation. Thus, chronic aortic regurgitation gradually leads to impaired contractile function and the development of myocardial fibrosis…

…reason, R wave peak time may also be prolonged. This prolongation may also be due to myocardial fibrosis which is typical in hypertrophy. Finally, the…

…or requiring termination earlier due to hemodynamic collapse [4] . Sustained VT is a medical emergency that universally warrants acute intervention and long term secondary prevention…

…several overlapping processes: Recurrent or extensive MI with necrosis and scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic…

…produces structural and functional cardiovascular changes that increase susceptibility to disease. Cellular atrophy, myocardial fibrosis, calcification, vascular remodeling, altered diastolic filling, chronotropic incompetence, and impaired…

…dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly…

…devices that require post completion processing. If symptoms remain elusive and extended monitoring exceeding 3 weeks is necessary, an implantable loop recorder is essential to…

…circulation, vascular calcification and myocardial fibrosis further accelerate cardiovascular and renal injury. Adipokine imbalance contributes to insulin resistance, β cell failure, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis…

…1, formerly termed glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism, and other familial forms associated with adrenal adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. A family history is therefore important, particularly…

…inflammation and fibrosis Reduction in body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on…

…suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and…

…air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and…

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

…blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or…

…fibrosis, or left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension, diabetes, and elevated NT proBNP are more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and…

…such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI). Hence, an acute myocardial infarction may…

…a term used to describe myocardial elasticity. The greater the compliance, the more rapid and pronounced the relaxation (i.e the stretching of myocardial fibers…

…is attached to the mitral annulus , which is continuous with annulus fibrosus (the fibrous ring). The mitral valve has an anterior leaflet and a posterior…

…pathway). This is associated with a delta wave. For further details on the PR interval and the PR segment, refer to The normal electrocardiogram (ECG).

…interval between the nadir (lowest point) of the S wave and the end of the depolarization, is prolonged ( 55 ms in V1 V2). Refer to…

…and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a…

…skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie…

…occurrence and extension. Plaque rupture or erosion leads to thrombus formation and subsequent coronary occlusion. Plaque rupture typically involves a thin, collagen poor fibrous cap…

…moderately stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption…

…high income countries, idiopathic pericarditis, radiation to the pericardium and surgical interventions are the most common causes of constrictive pericarditis. Of these three, idiopathic pericarditis…

…the endothelium. Plaques that are particularly prone to rupture characteristically contain: a large lipid rich core; abundant foam cells and macrophages; a thin fibrous cap;…

…additional information regarding calcific, fibrotic, fibro fatty, and necrotic components. Virtual histology IVUS has also been used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype…

…to a complex fibroatheroma. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other…