…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…this can lead to thickening of the pulmonary valve and, subsequently, narrowing of the valvular orifice. Carcinoid heart disease may also lead to endocardial fibrosis…

…cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy, the extent of ventricular fibrosis…

…appearance. Some patients develop nonspecific intraventricular conduction defects without any change in their QRS appearance. Such conduction delays may be due to myocardial fibrosis, amyloidosis…

…increase cardiac output sufficiently will result in the following compilations: Pulmonary edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac…

…or requiring termination earlier due to hemodynamic collapse [4] . Sustained VT is a medical emergency that universally warrants acute intervention and long term secondary prevention…

…causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart surgery Myocarditis Collagen disease Amyloidosis Risk of supraventricular…

…and therefore necessitates an artificial pacemaker. Blocks located proximal to the AV node (prenodal blocks) First degree AV block may actually be due to the…

…reason, R wave peak time may also be prolonged. This prolongation may also be due to myocardial fibrosis which is typical in hypertrophy. Finally, the…

…several overlapping processes: Recurrent or extensive MI with necrosis and scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic…

…produces structural and functional cardiovascular changes that increase susceptibility to disease. Cellular atrophy, myocardial fibrosis, calcification, vascular remodeling, altered diastolic filling, chronotropic incompetence, and impaired…

…sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor. NT proBNP is an inactive cleavage product and…

…A typical 24 to 48 hour Holter monitor is frequently insufficient. Monitors that offer real time data transmission, such as mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry devices…

…dysfunction, increased vascular stiffness, impaired coronary circulation, vascular calcification and myocardial fibrosis further accelerate cardiovascular and renal injury. Adipokine imbalance contributes to insulin resistance, β…

…major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues…

…inflammation and fibrosis Reduction in body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on…

…suspicion to bone, pregnancy or malignancy. A markedly raised GGT with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and…

…chest wall deformity, severe bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Here a lower target range and controlled delivery apply — not the withholding of oxygen. Previous bleomycin treatment…

…burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities…

…rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance…

…Structural CMD: resting vascular tone is increased, potentially reflecting capillary rarefaction, fibrosis, or left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension, diabetes, and elevated NT proBNP are more frequent…

…such as heart failure, structural heart disease, fibrosis of the conduction system and acute myocardial infarction (particularly anterior STEMI). Hence, an acute myocardial infarction may…

…activated) by impulses spreading through the left and right bundle branch, which branches out into the Purkinje network (refer to Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Action Potential)…

…is attached to the mitral annulus , which is continuous with annulus fibrosus (the fibrous ring). The mitral valve has an anterior leaflet and a posterior…

…pathway). This is associated with a delta wave. For further details on the PR interval and the PR segment, refer to The normal electrocardiogram (ECG).

…confined to the left ventricle. ARVC causes ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac arrest; the disease is one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac…

…and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques [1] . While stable plaques are characterized by a thick fibrous cap and a…

…5. Aspiration: advance the needle with the stylet in place perpendicular to the bone surface, angled slightly anteriorly and medially. Rotate under steady pressure until…

…contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction…

…moderately stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption…

…high income countries, idiopathic pericarditis, radiation to the pericardium and surgical interventions are the most common causes of constrictive pericarditis. Of these three, idiopathic pericarditis…

…in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries…

…additional information regarding calcific, fibrotic, fibro fatty, and necrotic components. Virtual histology IVUS has also been used to identify thin cap fibroatheroma, a plaque phenotype…

…expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM 1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM 1), and increasing the permeability of the endothelium to circulating…