…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

…Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased…

…how long an attack lasts, and whether anything actually triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous…

…with a reduced level of consciousness, focal neurological signs or seizures — because the delay costs more than the scan contributes. Only clinical signs of herniation…

…option. Contraindications Ongoing clinically significant bleeding. Pregnancy in the first trimester and close to delivery (embryopathy and fetal bleeding respectively). Marked liver failure with coagulopathy…

…subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic lamina into the media. The lesion…

…Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P…

…the general population, the prevalence of asymptomatic carotid stenosis of at least 70% is low, reported as 0–3.1%. In contrast, within selected high…

…within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic segments, whereas CABG provides a bypass beyond diseased segments…

…viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution, but often no definite trigger can be identified [1,2]. Ask specifically about: Onset and time course. Increased…

…Seizures later than this, focal seizures or status epilepticus should raise strong suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins…

…for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing…

…help matter more than a single measured value [2]. Level Plasma glucose Meaning : : : Level 1, alert value < 3.9 mmol/L but at least…

…including non obstructive plaque, therefore contributes prognostic information beyond identification of focal severe stenoses. Coronary anomalies Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon among the general population…

…may therefore be discordant. A reduced FFR with preserved CFR suggests a predominantly focal epicardial lesion that may not be strongly flow limiting. In contrast…

…loss of consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with…

…diaphragm. The temporal classification is also clinically relevant: Hyperacute: less than 24 hours from symptom onset. Acute: 1–14 days. Subacute: 15–90 days. Chronic…

…against greater resistance, as compared with the left ventricle. Understanding this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus…

…the defibrillation threshold, though it typically does not slow ventricular tachycardia (VT) rates. It may also be effective in fetal, pediatric patients, and young adults…

…disease Type 3 Focal or tubular stenosis resembling atherosclerosis Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported…

…neonatologist, and anesthesiologist is essential. Figure 1 . When a pregnant woman is supine, the uterus can exert significant compression on both the inferior vena cava…

…against greater resistance, as compared with the left ventricle. Understanding this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus…