…hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration, pressure sores, loss of function, longer length of stay…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is…

…do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema…

Procedurer The test measures the ability of the adrenal cortex to respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines…

…increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue. Although this is a subjective measure, it provides a fairly good estimate of the actual…

…that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial node or block the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked impulses lead to arrhythmias…

…8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is…

…risk of rebound. The referring physician should have made this decision; document which applies. Nitroglycerin is continued; note it in the report. Shaving and careful…

…loculated. A loculated collection can produce regional cardiac compression and tamponade even without a large circumferential effusion. Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion…

…or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise threshold. Potential anginal equivalents include: Dyspnoea on exertion. Fatigue. Dizziness during…

…or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These abnormalities…

…do so only at the cost of elevated filling pressures. Congestion and elevated filling pressures produce the characteristic clinical syndrome of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema…

…inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺ current activated by hyperpolarisation and…

…symptoms causing impaired quality of life. Women with suspected angina are more likely than men to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is distinguished from acute myocardial infarction (AMI), in which myocardial ischaemia is accompanied by cardiomyocyte necrosis and…

…usually limited by leg fatigue, discomfort, cardiovascular disease, lack of motivation, etc. Moreover, measuring peak oxygen uptake is technically arduous and therefore peak work intensity…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…