…often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is…

…do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema…

…fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, postural symptoms. Suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of…

…increased sweating, and muscle fatigue. Although this is a subjective measure, it provides a fairly good estimate of the actual workload. The perceived exertion may…

…Symptomatic patients typically experience fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, presyncope/syncope, or diminished exercise tolerance. Whenever such symptoms are associated with ECG evidence of sinus node dysfunction…

…of breathing Use of accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal breathing Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate above 25 to 30 per minute Increased risk of…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

…loculated. A loculated collection can produce regional cardiac compression and tamponade even without a large circumferential effusion. Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion…

…or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise threshold. Potential anginal equivalents include: Dyspnoea on exertion. Fatigue. Dizziness during…

…of systemic venous congestion include: Peripheral edema Rapid weight gain Increasing abdominal girth Early satiety Bendopnea Abdominal ascites Older patients may present atypically, with fatigue…

…do so only at the cost of elevated filling pressures. Congestion and elevated filling pressures produce the characteristic clinical syndrome of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema…

… volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants. Beta blockers have been used for symptomatic patients, but effective doses may produce troublesome chronic fatigue. Non dihydropyridine calcium…

…symptoms causing impaired quality of life. Women with suspected angina are more likely than men to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue…

…or fatigue. The symptomatic territory is usually distal to the arterial obstruction: Buttock, hip or thigh symptoms suggest aortoiliac disease. Calf symptoms are typical of…

…chest discomfort, but the clinical manifestations of ischaemic heart disease are heterogeneous. Anginal equivalents may include: Midepigastric discomfort. Dyspnoea. Reduced exercise tolerance. Excessive fatigue. These…

…uptake because it requires maximal exertion, which patients rarely achieve. Patients are usually limited by leg fatigue, discomfort, cardiovascular disease, lack of motivation, etc. Moreover…

Cardiology Diagnosis and treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should…