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Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents. The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is…

Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Four-Pillar Therapy

…do so only at the expense of abnormally high filling pressures. The resulting haemodynamic congestion produces a characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema…

Short Synacthen test

…fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, postural symptoms. Suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…increased sweating, and muscle fatigue. Although this is a subjective measure, it provides a fairly good estimate of the actual workload. The perceived exertion may…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…Symptomatic patients typically experience fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, presyncope/syncope, or diminished exercise tolerance. Whenever such symptoms are associated with ECG evidence of sinus node dysfunction…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…of breathing Use of accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal breathing Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate above 25 to 30 per minute Increased risk of…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…the extent of reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure and may include: Chest discomfort Fatigue Weakness Presyncope or syncope Exercise intolerance Symptoms of shock…

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