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Opioid therapy in severe pain

…the effect on the bowel must be taken into account). Known allergy to the preparation — rare; itching and urticaria are usually due to histamine release…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…normally need investigation on the basis of an isolated, asymptomatic low sensor reading alone. Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due to sympathetic activation…

Blood pressure

…The cuff at heart level Measure in both arms at the first visit; a difference 15 mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…signal is sought on the dorsum of the foot lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon. Measure in the same way as on the arm…

Electrical cardioversion

…digoxin levels, by contrast, are no obstacle. Untreated hypokalaemia or marked electrolyte disturbance; correct these first before elective cardioversion. AVNRT and AVRT that respond to…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…ward and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs of a serious condition Finding Significance : : Inability to speak in full…

Acute severe asthma in adults: quick reference

…about to stop breathing. Diminishing wheeze means improvement only if air entry, speech, work of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…1 ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…rise. Often outpatient or brief inpatient follow up depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6.0 to 6.4 mmol/L ECG and cardiac monitoring…

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