…the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic…

…the arms. Orthostatic hypotension: a fall of ≥20 mmHg in SBP and/or ≥10 mmHg in DBP at 1 or 3 minutes after standing, following…

…lower threshold for provocation, or symptoms that awaken the patient from sleep. Initial symptoms of NSTEMI and UA may be similar. NSTEMI is diagnosed when…

…distinction between NSTEMI and UA hinges entirely on the presence of myocardial necrosis. NSTEMI is confirmed by a typical rise and/or fall of high…

…a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac…

…on a single eGFR. Step 1: confirm the course and assess severity Establish the baseline Look for previous creatinine values in the record, preferably from…

…not on how wide the rim of fluid looks. With ultrasound guidance, the point at which the fluid lies most superficially is chosen and the…

…the toe instead. Marked pain that prevents the patient from tolerating compression. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a handheld Doppler probe 5–10 MHz, ultrasound gel…

…universally warrants acute intervention and long term secondary prevention strategies. By Morphology: Monomorphic VT (MMVT): Characterized by a uniform QRS morphology from beat to beat…

…pathophysiology and electrocardiology. Unfortunately, numerous books and online resources fall into the trap of oversimplification. Physicians, nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such…