CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…adhesion (mediated by von Willebrand factor and Glycoprotein Ib IX V), activation (via thromboxane A2 and ADP), and aggregation (via Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa cross linking…

…adhesion molecules, transmigrate into the intima via diapedesis, and differentiate into tissue macrophages under the influence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF) [4] . These…

…triad: blood stasis, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in AF is most pronounced in the left atrial appendage (LAA). The LAA is…

…Thrombi formed in the deep veins in the legs or pelvis can detach and flow via inferior vena cava to the right atrium and ventricle…

…is derived by measuring flow velocities across the mitral valve using pulsed Doppler. Estimating left ventricular filling pressure via e' . Measurement of deceleration time (DT) …

…pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via the optic nerve (CN II) to the midbrain…

…expeditious management is warranted. Initial management includes assessing the patient's clinical status (symptoms, hemodynamics), ECG and risk factors (age, previous disease, medications, laboratory results…

…mortality in the cited international cohort evidence. Metabolic risk factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this…

… vascular risk factors require close attention 3b 30–45 mL/min/1.73 m² Proteinuria may be present High risk of progression 4 15–30…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age ≥75 years 2 Diabetes mellitus 1 Prior stroke or TIA 2 Vascular disease 1 Age…

…disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction. It extends beyond exercise training to incorporate individualized physical activity counselling, risk factor modification, nutritional care, education, psychosocial…

…accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with…

…Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances possess the potential to…

… warm ischaemic time is the limiting factor The time critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory…

…alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the…

…High 4.8 5 High 7.2 6 High 9.7 7 High 11.2 8 High 10.8 9 High 12.2 Table 1…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…

…females, although the sex difference becomes less pronounced in older age. Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly…

…quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who…

…fms like tyrosine kinase 1 increases, whereas placental growth factor production decreases. A circulating soluble fms like tyrosine kinase 1/placental growth factor ratio ≥40…

…and aggregate through glycoprotein IIb/IIIa mediated fibrinogen bridging. Tissue factor activation stimulates the coagulation cascade, generating thrombin and fibrin and enlarging the occlusive thrombus…

…hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated…

…fibrillation: definitions, causes, risk factors, ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence…

…and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement in survival rates. Intervention Included in BLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Factors that modify infarct size and the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS…

…developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical factor came and killed and disappeared and was not found in the dead heart. The cause of death…

…as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table 1). Children and healthy adults may…

…for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular disease or scleroderma renal crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing…

…must not be used to rule it out The age adjusted D dimer in patients over 50: the threshold becomes age × 10 micrograms/L (FEU)…

…It is the most prevalent cardiomyopathy worldwide, affecting 1 in 500 individuals in most societies. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden cardiac…

…QT interval + 154 x (1 RR interval) Hodges’ formula This method corrects the QT interval by adding a factor based on the difference between the…

…should be integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease. Risk factor modification…

…changes promote hypertension, ischemia, valvular abnormalities, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Aging also accumulates conventional cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking exposure, and physical…

…reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia…

…SCD) : In patients with a low ejection fraction, syncope is considered a risk factor for death [15]. For patients with LBBB and a left ventricular…

…factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include increased apoB and apoC III, uric acid, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1…

…arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, echocardiographic findings, and left atrial size…

…clearance must be assessed prior to initiation and monitored continuously during therapy. Hypokalemia is a significant risk factor for drug induced torsades de pointes; therefore…

…myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In up to one half of STEMI cases, a precipitating factor such as vigorous physical exercise, emotional stress, or…

…plaque morphology and location, comorbidities, environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial…

…red thrombus. The size and persistence of the thrombus depend not only on plaque composition but also on circulating thrombotic and fibrinolytic factors. Plaque erosion…

…infarction or ischemic episode to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with other pro arrhythmogenic factors. The emergence of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation…

…be continued indefinitely even after LVEF normalization. Epidemiology and risk factors The global burden of heart failure is staggering, affecting an estimated 64 million individuals…

…developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical factor came and killed and disappeared and was not found in the dead heart. The cause of death…

…References 1. Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin associated hemorrhage: the ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors…

…XX and XY individuals and are reflected in cardiovascular structure and function. Sociocultural factors contribute independently to differences in exposure to risk, access to care…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying genetic predisposition, structural heart disease, and diabetes [1]…

…cause (etiology) of chest pain varies according to age, sex, risk factors, type of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms…

…in the former. Refer to Figure 1, which illustrates the natural course of coronary artery disease, from risk factors to acute coronary syndromes. It also…

…Upon such damage, the plaque exposes highly thrombogenic materials which activate circulating platelets and coagulation factors, which results in thrombus formation (Figure 1). Disruption of…

…function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include blood pressure…

…drugs, poisoning, withdrawal, surgery or several concurrent factors. A diagnosis of delirium is therefore the beginning of the investigation, not the end. In a frail…

…0.1 × 10⁹/L An expected high risk course Neutropenia expected to last longer than 7 days, or shorter neutropenia with clinical risk factors International…

…emphasizing a comprehensive risk assessment that includes genetic factors and QTc duration. Risk Stratification and the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk Model Accurate risk stratification…

…emphasizing a comprehensive risk assessment that includes genetic factors and QTc duration. Risk Stratification and the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk Model Accurate risk stratification…

…<20 years : ( \text{SOVd} = 1.02 + 0.98 \times \text{BSA} ) 20 39 years : ( \text{SOVd} = 0.97 + 1.12 \times \text{BSA} ) …

…sex, and race to provide an eGFR value normalized to a standard body surface area of 1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility…