…initiating mechanism, the exposure of thrombogenic material triggers a rapid cascade of platelet adhesion (mediated by von Willebrand factor and Glycoprotein Ib IX V), activation…

…The lifetime burden of CVD is related to the number and severity of cardiovascular risk factors. Five modifiable factors—systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol…

…factors for CKD and CVD. Hypertension and renal disease are bidirectionally related: hypertension accelerates CKD progression, while impaired renal function further increases blood pressure. Non…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies…

…disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction. It extends beyond exercise training to incorporate individualized physical activity counselling, risk factor modification, nutritional care, education, psychosocial…

…accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk factor clustering, disability and premature mortality. Cardiovascular conditions associated with…

…Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances possess the potential to…

… warm ischaemic time is the limiting factor The time critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory…

…alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the…

…bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…

…females, although the sex difference becomes less pronounced in older age. Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor. Family history also increases risk, particularly…

…quality of life and psychological well being. Physical inactivity is itself a major cardiovascular risk factor. Sedentary behaviour may confer risk even in individuals who…

…feature is an imbalance between antiangiogenic and angiogenic factors. Placental production of soluble fms like tyrosine kinase 1 increases, whereas placental growth factor production decreases…

…and aggregate through glycoprotein IIb/IIIa mediated fibrinogen bridging. Tissue factor activation stimulates the coagulation cascade, generating thrombin and fibrin and enlarging the occlusive thrombus…

…hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…in non Western countries, primarily due to the younger age composition in those countries (adjusted prevalence figures are scarce). Indeed, the strongest risk factor for…

…rescue, and security guards) in BLS is key to improving outcomes in OHCA and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement in survival rates…

…and infarction Factors that modify infarct size and the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) The traditional distinction between NSTE ACS (NSTEMI, Non STEMI…

…developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical factor came and killed and disappeared and was not found in the dead heart. The cause of death…

…mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a state provoked by systemic risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, smoking…

…can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor than the ventricular rate. The longer the duration…

…not be dismissed as caused merely by pain or anxiety. These factors can affect the pressure, but emergency department studies show that raised values often…

…a pulse ≥ 110/min, a systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg and a saturation < 90 per cent. An sPESI of 0 indicates low risk…

…based on the HCM Risk SCD formula , a validated risk prediction model developed I relatively large patient cohorts. It incorporates key clinical and echocardiographic parameters…

…Hodges’ formula This method corrects the QT interval by adding a factor based on the difference between the heart rate and 60 beats per minute…

…When prescribed for antianginal purposes in CCS, the target resting heart rate is generally 55–60 beats per minute. Beta blockers also have prognostic value…

…changes promote hypertension, ischemia, valvular abnormalities, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Aging also accumulates conventional cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking exposure, and physical…

…Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes. Traditional factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain…

…Classic Criteria : These include a QRS duration of $\ge 120$ msec , the presence of broad and typically notched R waves in leads I, aVL…

…hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both a clinical risk factor cluster and a marker of broader metabolic dysfunction. Associated abnormalities may include…

…patients with idiopathic PAH, including acute responders and non responders. Left heart disease is the most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH…

…clearance must be assessed prior to initiation and monitored continuously during therapy. Hypokalemia is a significant risk factor for drug induced torsades de pointes; therefore…

…troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). While the…

…plaque morphology and location, comorbidities, environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial…

…an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina, non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The traditional…

…infarction or ischemic episode to result in ventricular arrhythmia, it must coincide with other pro arrhythmogenic factors. The emergence of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation…

…be continued indefinitely even after LVEF normalization. Epidemiology and risk factors The global burden of heart failure is staggering, affecting an estimated 64 million individuals…

…developed which fibrillated the heart. This electrical factor came and killed and disappeared and was not found in the dead heart. The cause of death…

[calc_atria] The ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major…

…XX and XY individuals and are reflected in cardiovascular structure and function. Sociocultural factors contribute independently to differences in exposure to risk, access to care…

…Study, which demonstrated that high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction…

…in the peri operative setting, patients at high risk for malignant arrhythmias should undergo continuous electrocardiogram monitoring throughout the entire peri operative period to assess…

…cause (etiology) of chest pain varies according to age, sex, risk factors, type of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms…

…occur when atherosclerotic plaques disrupt, resulting in the activation of thrombocytes and coagulation factors causing the formation of a thrombus. Such a thrombus can cause…

…coagulation factors, which results in thrombus formation (Figure 1). Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque may also release atherosclerotic debris downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e…

…JACC. Braunwald et al: Determination of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular end diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical…

…work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress…

…days, or shorter neutropenia with clinical risk factors International guidelines generally use a single temperature of 38.3 degrees as the threshold [4,5]. Some…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…risk factors • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome. 50 mm • Marfan syndrome • Bicuspid aortic valve with coarctation or additional risk factors…

…enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements…

…1 point, with a maximum score of 9. The score takes into account various risk factors that contribute to bleeding risk, including uncontrolled hypertension, impaired…

…e bleeding risk, i.e., prior bleeding (2 points) H ypertension, uncontrolled (1 point) A nemia (1 point) G enetic factors (e.g., CYP2C9 variants…

…occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors are weighted and summed to produce a total score, which stratifies patients into low, intermediate, and high…

…Facilitates discussions between interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons to optimize treatment strategies. Strengths Incorporates both anatomical and clinical factors. Provides a more personalized risk assessment…