…increased afterload. ECG changes in hypertrophy and dilatation Increased QRS amplitudes Hypertrophy manifests on the ECG as increased amplitudes of the QRS complexes. The explanation…

Procedurer Two things determine whether the procedure is safe: that synchronisation really is switched on when the shock is delivered, and that the thromboembolic risk…

…By excluding the sex parameter, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score addresses concerns about overestimating stroke risk in women based solely on gender. This aims to prevent…

…The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications and rupture…

…information about the artery. The clinical value of these techniques rests on their ability to characterize the anatomy responsible for a stenosis, define plaque morphology…

…The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational atherectomy…

…segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or persistent disease at the inflow or outflow edges…

…mitral regurgitation (MR). These complications result from transmural myocardial necrosis and subsequent tissue disruption. Infarct expansion and, in some cases, a dissecting haematoma may precede…

…test. At follow up during ongoing treatment, the test is performed on the usual medication — note this in the report. Record the height without shoes…

…with or without food. Administering a 60 mg loading dose on an empty stomach may provide the fastest onset of effect. Do not crush or…

…abrupt pain of classic aortic dissection. Symptom onset in PAU may indicate lesion expansion and involvement of the adventitia, requiring urgent imaging because of the…

…dysfunction Promotion of vascular calcification Albuminuria and proteinuria Neurohormonal activation Plasma volume expansion Myocardial remodelling and fibrosis These processes form part of the broader cardiovascular…

…Important mechanisms include: Stent under expansion Stent malapposition Stent fracture or collapse Residual edge dissection Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical…

…result on non invasive testing. Symptoms that are strongly suggestive of obstructive CAD. Uncertain or inconclusive non invasive test results, when confirmation or exclusion of…

…resting heart rate 75 beats/min, based on a retrospective subgroup analysis in which a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate…

…and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments. Heart failure is defined physiologically by the inability…

…malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection …