…increased afterload. ECG changes in hypertrophy and dilatation Increased QRS amplitudes Hypertrophy manifests on the ECG as increased amplitudes of the QRS complexes. The explanation…

Procedurer Two things determine whether the procedure is safe: that synchronisation really is switched on when the shock is delivered, and that the thromboembolic risk…

…By excluding the sex parameter, the CHA₂DS₂ VA score addresses concerns about overestimating stroke risk in women based solely on gender. This aims to prevent…

…The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications and rupture…

…proximal and distal reference segments; assessment of stent expansion and apposition; recognition of edge dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other acute complications; investigation of restenosis…

…occur in association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of…

…segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or persistent disease at the inflow or outflow edges…

…mitral regurgitation (MR). These complications result from transmural myocardial necrosis and subsequent tissue disruption. Infarct expansion and, in some cases, a dissecting haematoma may precede…

…test. At follow up during ongoing treatment, the test is performed on the usual medication — note this in the report. Record the height without shoes…

…with or without food. Administering a 60 mg loading dose on an empty stomach may provide the fastest onset of effect. Do not crush or…

…abrupt pain of classic aortic dissection. Symptom onset in PAU may indicate lesion expansion and involvement of the adventitia, requiring urgent imaging because of the…

…heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The…

…of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms…

…Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features that may not be evident on angiography alone. It is particularly useful when ACS…

…resting heart rate 75 beats/min, based on a retrospective subgroup analysis in which a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate…

…and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments. Heart failure is defined physiologically by the inability…

…malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection …