…aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection , which involves the arch without involvement of the…

…important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate reduced cardiac output or impaired renal perfusion…

…useful tool for detecting hypertrophy/dilatation but echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (cardiac MRI) are superior to the ECG in terms of sensitivity and specificity…

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

…exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants. Beta blockers have been used for symptomatic patients, but effective doses may produce troublesome chronic fatigue. Non…

…ATS/ERS removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3 seconds in children, but many laboratories and spirometers still use it…

…pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first days after ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)…

…a rise in creatinine during effective decongestion and overall clinical improvement does not necessarily indicate an adverse outcome. Classification of CKD CKD severity is classified…

…the likelihood of cardiovascular collapse when PCI fails or flow is severely compromised. Clinical Presentation No reflow may become apparent during or immediately after PCI…

…phase 3 study (TRITON), key exclusion criteria included increased bleeding risk, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a history of pathological intracranial findings. Patients with ACS undergoing PCI…

…may justify consideration of repair at a smaller diameter than would otherwise be used. Women have growth rates similar to men but a substantially higher…

…does not regain its mechanical function until days to weeks have passed — atrial stunning — which means that the thromboembolic risk is greatest after, not during…

…symptom of both IMH and PAU. PAU pain may resemble the abrupt pain of classic aortic dissection. Symptom onset in PAU may indicate lesion expansion…

…stent expansion, apposition, edge dissections, and endothelial coverage. Complementary Characteristics IVUS and OCT are complementary rather than interchangeable. IVUS generally provides better visualization of overall…

…Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty…

…inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or persistent disease at the inflow or outflow edges. The contemporary incidence of stent thrombosis is approximately 1% during the…

…on non invasive testing. Symptoms that are strongly suggestive of obstructive CAD. Uncertain or inconclusive non invasive test results, when confirmation or exclusion of ob