…The timing of VSR, free wall rupture, and papillary muscle rupture is characteristically bimodal. Events may occur within the first 24 hours or around days…

…B disease may produce rupture, renal, mesenteric or limb malperfusion, spinal cord ischaemia, paraplegia or paraparesis, rapid aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment…

…Expansion may produce pain in the abdomen, chest, lower back or scrotum. Aneurysmal pain is clinically important because it may herald rupture and constitutes a…

…rupture; identifying spontaneous coronary dissection or intramural hematoma when angiography is inconclusive; assessing stent expansion, apposition, edge dissections, and endothelial coverage. Complementary Characteristics IVUS and…

…lesion expansion and involvement of the adventitia, requiring urgent imaging because of the risk of rupture. Type A IMH may cause: Aortic regurgitation Haemopericardium or…

…dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These…

…and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or persistent disease…

…Hypertrophy and dilatation may coexist. Moreover, the ECG cannot distinguish whether large QRS amplitudes are due to dilatation or hypertrophy. Because the majority of the…

…of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms Mechanical abnormalities may initiate or…

…on non invasive testing. Symptoms that are strongly suggestive of obstructive CAD. Uncertain or inconclusive non invasive test results, when confirmation or exclusion of ob

…obstructed. Exclusion of coronary dissection compromising the true lumen. Assessment for thrombus, distal embolization, abrupt closure, or perforation. Evaluation of distal flow and myocardial perfusion…

…relief and may not be required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac…

…cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction…

…and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise…

…anticoagulation or exclusion of thrombus — the most important relative contraindication to elective cardioversion. It does not apply in haemodynamic instability. Digitalis toxicity — a risk of…

…Interpretation of CHADS VA score References Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism…

…fastest onset of effect. Do not crush or split the tablet . Warnings and Precautions Bleeding Risk In the phase 3 study (TRITON), key exclusion criteria…