…coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection. Clinical manifestations may result from rupture…

…and length; identification of the proximal and distal reference segments; assessment of stent expansion and apposition; recognition of edge dissection, tissue prolapse, thrombus, or other…

…The timing of VSR, free wall rupture, and papillary muscle rupture is characteristically bimodal. Events may occur within the first 24 hours or around days…

…Expansion may produce pain in the abdomen, chest, lower back or scrotum. Aneurysmal pain is clinically important because it may herald rupture and constitutes a…

…lesion expansion and involvement of the adventitia, requiring urgent imaging because of the risk of rupture. Type A IMH may cause: Aortic regurgitation Haemopericardium or…

…dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These…

…and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or persistent disease…

…Hypertrophy and dilatation may coexist. Moreover, the ECG cannot distinguish whether large QRS amplitudes are due to dilatation or hypertrophy. Because the majority of the…

…of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms Mechanical abnormalities may initiate or…

…or polypoid intraluminal mass and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other…

…of dissection and impaired distal flow. These alternative causes must be distinguished from isolated no reflow because their treatment may require immediate stenting or other…

…relief and may not be required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac…

…cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction…

…and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise…

…anticoagulation or exclusion of thrombus — the most important relative contraindication to elective cardioversion. It does not apply in haemodynamic instability. Digitalis toxicity — a risk of…

…AF patients. Evidence suggests that the increased stroke risk in women is more closely associated with other comorbidities and age rather than sex alone. Consequently…

…fastest onset of effect. Do not crush or split the tablet . Warnings and Precautions Bleeding Risk In the phase 3 study (TRITON), key exclusion criteria…