…by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and…

…CPAP delivers a constant pressure that recruits alveoli and unloads the heart, whereas bilevel NIV delivers pressure support above the expiratory pressure and thereby increases…

…Meaning : : FEV₁ Forced expiratory volume in the first second FVC Forced vital capacity FEV₁/FVC The ratio that defines obstruction PEF Peak expiratory flow — variability…

…rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced expiration raises the pressure in the thorax, the abdomen, the skull and…

…enhances inhibitory signalling via gamma aminobutyric acid, GABA, and inhibits excitatory glutamate signalling, in part via NMDA receptors. With prolonged alcohol exposure the nervous system…