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M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography

…Right ventricular (RV) dimension and function. RV function can be assessed using TAPSE (Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion). Study the movement and opening of the…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma Excision with a 1–3 mm margin, down into the…

🟠 CHADS-VA Bleeding Risk Score

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…obstruction. Assessment should include: Confirmation that the treated epicardial segment is adequately expanded and not severely obstructed. Exclusion of coronary dissection compromising the true lumen…

🟠 Prasugrel (Effient, Efient, Prasita)

…or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Contraindications Prasugrel should not be used in the following situations: Hypersensitivity to the active substance or any of the…

Electrical cardioversion

…Contraindications Atrial fibrillation or flutter of unknown or excessive duration without adequate anticoagulation or exclusion of thrombus — the most important relative contraindication to elective cardioversion…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…The investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This balance forms part of shared clinical decision…

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