Articles & courses

Articles
M-mode (motion mode) echocardiography

…placed perpendicular to the long axis of the left ventricle, as illustrated in Figure 1. One obvious disadvantage of M mode is that it only…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma Excision with a 1–3 mm margin, down into the…

Electrical cardioversion

…Contraindications Atrial fibrillation or flutter of unknown or excessive duration without adequate anticoagulation or exclusion of thrombus — the most important relative contraindication to elective cardioversion…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…injection under fluoroscopy. The procedure is performed by advancing guidewires and diagnostic catheters from a percutaneous arterial access site to the aortic root, engaging the…

🟠 CHADS-VA Bleeding Risk Score

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Prevention and Treatment

…obstructed. Exclusion of coronary dissection compromising the true lumen. Assessment for thrombus, distal embolization, abrupt closure, or perforation. Evaluation of distal flow and myocardial perfusion…

🟠 Prasugrel (Effient, Efient, Prasita)

…phase 3 study (TRITON), key exclusion criteria included increased bleeding risk, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a history of pathological intracranial findings. Patients with ACS undergoing PCI…

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