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STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…patients without severe ischaemia. Evaluation and Physical Examination The initial evaluation should be structured to establish a working diagnosis of STEMI rapidly, identify haemodynamic or…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…complete physical and neurologic examination. Blood pressure and heart rate should be measured in the supine position and after 3 minutes of standing to determine…

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening and Surveillance

…level. Physical examination can identify a large aneurysm as a palpable, pulsatile, expansile mass, although absence of a palpable abnormality does not exclude AAA. Plain…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…physical examination Assessment begins with systematic lipid screening and a careful clinical, medical, social and multigenerational family history. The evaluation should establish: The magnitude of…

Unstable Angina: Definition and Contemporary Management

…Physical Examination Initial assessment should establish whether the presentation represents ACS and whether the patient is clinically unstable. Particular attention is required for evidence of…

Alcohol and Cardiovascular Disease

…fluid ounces of 40% distilled spirits. Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

…be underestimated. Offer a chaperone according to local procedure; this is recommended for all examinations of the breasts, the genitalia and the rectum. Ask about…

Optimization of the ultrasound image

…of image optimization in echocardiography In order to obtain optimal ultrasound images, it is necessary to adjust several parameters continuously during the examination. Typically, examinations…

Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…or a hand held device (iCare, Tono Pen). Procedure Systematic examination 1. Visual acuity in each eye separately , with the patient's usual glasses and…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…one third of the patients who ultimately had a favorable neurological recovery exhibited an abnormal pupillary reflex upon initial examination. Notably, 31.2% of patients…

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