…hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which enhances its contribution to the P wave. The second hump in lead II becomes larger and the negative…

…re entry or triggered activity. All types of myocardial cells may be engaged in initiation and maintenance of this arrhythmia. As mentioned above VT causes…

…stenosis) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which amplifies its contribution to the P wave. The second hump in lead II becomes larger and the negative deflection…

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8…

…The reference values below are taken from the consensus documents of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI)…

…atrial thrombus. A markedly enlarged left atrium, marked hyperthyroidism or an untreated underlying cause make recurrence all but certain and argue against elective cardioversion. Anticoagulation…

…regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1 cm…

…et al. (2003): Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society…

…peripheral embolization and may reduce the apparent luminal diameter on contrast aortography. AAA growth is variable. Aneurysms smaller than 4 cm may enlarge by approximately…

…Overview of management Click the diagram to enlarge. Chest pain (discomfort) is the hallmark symptom of myocardial ischemia and is particularly pronounced in patients experiencing…

…but the defect can enlarge and cause rapid haemodynamic deterioration. Inferior infarction is associated with basal septal perforation and a worse prognosis than the typically…

…chambers, blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…arteries. Early lesions may undergo positive or compensatory remodelling, in which the vessel enlarges outward before a major reduction in the lumen becomes apparent. Consequently…

…to enlarge. Risk Stratification: Stroke and Bleeding Assessment The decision to initiate oral anticoagulation (OAC) hinges on a rigorous assessment of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…