…is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pathological Q waves are evidence of myocardial infarction Myocardial infarction – particularly if extensive in size – typically manifests with pathological Q waves…

…or diuretic induced, but it is absent in most diagnosed patients. Reliance on hypokalaemia alone therefore misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and…

…on the ECG are assessed: Normalization (return) of ST segment elevations Rapid T wave inversion Normalization (return) of ST segment elevations Successful reperfusion results in…

…100–250 beats per minute) and cardiac output is affected (i.e reduced) in virtually all cases. Ventricular tachycardia causes immense strain on the ventricular…

…tachycardia (VT) emerges. As evident, ventricular tachycardia may appear more polymorphic in one lead (the upper lead). ECG 2 . Although the signal in the upper…

…imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG)…

…descriptions emerged at the dawn of the 20th century, widespread acceptance was delayed, partly due to autopsy studies demonstrating an absence of coronary thrombi in…

…the Framingham Heart Study, this linear correction formula adjusts the QT interval based on heart rate without involving square or cube roots. It has been…

…a distinct "cough hypersensitivity syndrome" has emerged, emphasizing the putative role of sensitized sensory nerve endings and afferent neural pathways in causing chronic refractory cough…

…magnitude of LDL C lowering depends partly on residual LDL receptor expression. PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies are less effective in homozygous FH when residual LDL receptor…

CPR Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) and ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) Survival after cardiac arrest depends on the restoration of spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of…

…and in some cases substantially narrowed, the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence base has emerged for coronary…

…earlobe and from there to the xiphoid process. Mark the distance on the tube. In adults the mark is typically around 50–60 cm. 3…

…pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P waves separated by an isoelectric baseline. The most likely mechanism underlying typical atrial flutter is reentry. In…

…Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation 2012;83:120611. Wood S. Interactions…

…Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation 2012; 83:120611. Wang CH, Huang…

…Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation 2012; 83:120611. Wang CH, Huang…

…Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation 2012;83:120611. Wang CH, Huang…

…former). Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore, in the presence of a tamponade, chest…

…to the ICU or CCU depends on the system of care and patient status. The absolute majority of patients should be managed in the ICU…

…A diagnosis of myocardial infarction is based on the following three components: Cardiac troponins – Elevation of cardiac troponins in peripheral blood is mandatory to establish…

…cardiac arrest unless an escape rhythm emerges. The escape rhythm may have narrow or wide QRS complexes, depending on where the impulses are discharged and…