…residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or persistent disease at the inflow or outflow edges. The contemporary incidence of stent thrombosis is approximately 1…

…embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the aorta LOW EMBOLIC POTENTIAL SEP (Spontaneous…

…Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing…

…complex in leads I and II. The following rules apply: Normal axis: Net positive QRS complex in leads I and II. Right axis deviation: Net…

…of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following patterns: Angina at rest, usually prolonged for more than 20 minutes. New…

…a patient with chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease :…

…shoulders, and arms, sometimes following the trapezius ridge [2]. Distinguishing Features: Recognition may be aided by the pain not being relieved by rest or nitroglycerin…

…At least one of the following provides the required evidence of ischaemia: Symptoms compatible with myocardial ischaemia New ischaemic ECG changes Development of pathological Q…

…The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age ≥75 years 2 Diabetes mellitus…

…complex in leads I and II. The following rules apply: Normal axis : Net positive QRS complex in leads I and II. Right axis deviation : Net…

…Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease…

…coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without intramural haematoma. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is defined as spontaneous dissection of the coronary artery…

…seen in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances…

…becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of the load is the primary problem. Among the causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, septum defects, etc…

…ECG changes. Significant pericardial effusion may bring about the following ECG changes.: Low voltage: large amounts of pericardial effusion will diminish the QRS amplitudes. Electrical…

…mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right…

…factors (see Risk factors below). A significant proportion of cases with pulmonary embolism require thrombolysis to dissolve the occlusion. Administration of thrombolysis requires careful consideration…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

…manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated…

…the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic…

…driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved…

…Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high dose…

…Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia. Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Decompensated heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection…

…the eyes. Postpone the test in: Condition Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction or unstable angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated…

…investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress…

…Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic…

…despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography…

…acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those…

…with a separate category for cardiac etiologies. Cause Definition Medical cause Includes cardiac arrest caused by heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke…

…of sinus tachycardia are as follows: Normal (physiologic) sinus tachycardia: The automaticity (rate of spontaneous depolarization) in the sinoatrial node is increased during physical activity…

…windows might be feasible, particularly during brief pauses. An enlargement of the right ventricle is suggestive of pulmonary embolism, though its specificity is low. Notably…

…patient denial, often leads to a mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and…

…with advancing age. Presentations without pain may include: Sudden breathlessness Syncope or sudden loss of consciousness Confusion Profound weakness An arrhythmia Peripheral embolism An ot

…16] Severe pulmonary stenosis [8] Right ventricular hypertrophy [8, 17] Pulmonary embolism, which may manifest as a rightward shift of the ECG axis [2] Causes…

…calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand…

…cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes…

…MI) within 48 hours Ongoing unstable angina Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia with hemodynamic compromise Active endocarditis Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis Decompensated heart failure Acute pulmonary embolism…

…Decompensated heart failure – due to the risk of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition…

…Large thrombus burden. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can further characterize thrombus morphology and may assist in embolic risk assessment. Clinical presentation and symptoms LV thrombus…

…dislodged by: Balloon inflation Atherectomy Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris obstructs the distal microcirculation and may be accompanied by microvascular constriction…

…distal to the suspected obstruction Arterial and venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage…

…stretched appearance and most often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result in the…