…Echocardiography for the investigation of cardiac embolic sources The aim of echocardiography is to investigate if there are sources of emboli in the heart and…

…embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing, level of consciousness and…

…pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation. Switched arm electrodes (negative P and QRS T…

…necrosis and cardiac troponin release meeting the criteria of the universal definition of MI. Clinically, UA is defined by one or more of the following…

…etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic heart disease, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or diabetes. Psychosocial stress. Alcohol abuse…

…Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Pain Characteristics: While dyspnea is the cardinal symptom, chest pain can be present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and…

… and Clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. At least one of the following provides the required evidence of ischaemia: Symptoms compatible with myocardial ischaemia New…

…vascular disease and renal dysfunction. The commonly used CHA2DS2 VASc score incorporates the following variables: Risk factor Points Congestive heart failure 1 Hypertension 1 Age…

…pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary valve stenosis). Lateral ventricular infarction. Pre excitation. Switched arm electrodes (negative P and QRS T…

…cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism…

…smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without intramural haematoma. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection…

…g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably…

…causes are pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, septum defects, etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care…

…pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade Small amounts of pericardial effusion may not cause any ECG changes. Significant pericardial effusion may bring about the following ECG…

…thrombus can fragment, embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts, and compromise the treated lumen. Conventional angiography has…

…raised in pregnancy, malignancy, infection, surgery, trauma and old age. A positive value is not a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism Risk Haemodynamics…

…hypercoagulability, and pregnancy are common risk factors (see Risk factors below). A significant proportion of cases with pulmonary embolism require thrombolysis to dissolve the occlusion…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury…

…cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…fibrillation doses and include an initial high dose phase. Follow FASS (the Swedish medicines compendium) and the local protocol. See the pulmonary embolism quick reference…

…heart rate response, arrhythmias and recovery. A patient who stops at a low workload with a fall in blood pressure is a high risk patient…

…Condition Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction or unstable angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye…

…including myopericardial disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic emergencies, and pneumothorax. Non cardiopulmonary causes , including gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate objective is not simply…

…Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP…

…with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in a major epicardial coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as…

…of atrial fibrillation correlates strongly with age. Approximately 10% of individuals aged 80 years and above have atrial fibrillation, whereas the arrhythmia is unusual among…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

…diseases and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism…

…of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of the pericardium by an experienced clinician. The examination is…

…of peripheral embolism, or an unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in those…

…suggesting acute coronary occlusion. Most patients with this working diagnosis subsequently develop myocardial necrosis and cardiac troponin elevation, although not every patient with an initial…

…as vectors along their respective lead axes, and the resultant vector sum determines the mean electrical axis [3]. A frontal plane axis directed toward the…

…between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. In many cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism…

…and therefore the worse the prognosis. This does not always hold true. For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is…

…failure Acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing…

…Decompensated heart failure – due to the risk of circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition…

…superficial components may detach and embolize systemically. Observational data indicate approximately a fourfold greater risk of embolic events in patients with LV thrombus than in…

…of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged by: Balloon inflation Atherectomy Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris obstructs…

…potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage. Sensory loss extending beyond the toes and, especially, any motor deficit indicate threatened viability and mandate…

…are small; they have a more stretched appearance and most often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are…