…and nervousness. This is due to altered tone in the autonomic nervous system, with increased sympathetic input (leading to stimulation of beta adrenergic receptors) and…

…autonomous nervous system, electrolyte concentrations, and other factors (potentially also genetic predisposition) interact to trigger ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. These factors interact and vary…

…Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker…

…depolarization (and thus the electrical axis) is generally alongside the hearts longitudinal axis (to the left and downwards). Figure 38 shows the coordinate system where…

…depolarization (and thus the electrical axis) is generally alongside the heart's longitudinal axis (to the left and downwards). Figure 38 shows the coordinate system…

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, septum defects, etc. Right ventricular load is thus an issue that is raised both in outpatient and emergency care. To evaluate…

…crucial to distinguish Type 2 MI from acute and chronic myocardial injury. Myocardial injury is characterised by myocyte necrosis and troponin elevation due to mechanisms…

…is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure, dyspnea). Most individuals, however, do experience symptoms and th

…circulatory collapse and arrhythmias Pulmonary embolism in acute phase – due to risk of aggravation of the condition. Pulmonary infarction in acute phase – due to risk…

…and therefore the worse the prognosis. This does not always hold true. For example, in cardiac arrest due to pulmonary embolism the initial rhythm is…

…This is due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in the pericardial space. Note that tachycardia, pulmonary embolism and ischemia may also…

…smooth surface and a nucleus that often exhibits cavities, which consist of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid myxoma usually causes haemodynamic complications due to obstruction…

…is the first line treatment in high risk embolism, unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are according to the local protocol…

…hypercoagulability, and pregnancy are common risk factors (see Risk factors below). A significant proportion of cases with pulmonary embolism require thrombolysis to dissolve the occlusion…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury…

…level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed…

…cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke. The risk associated with asymptomatic disease depends substantially on stenosis severity and…

…Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather…

… see the acute stroke quick reference. Stopping the drug and forgetting to restart it after the procedure. Document the restart date in the medical record…

…Known — perform the test only on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with…

…Condition Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction or unstable angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye…

…disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress. Aortic dissection may cause sudden severe pain, often radiating to the…

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

…obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography may fail to demonstrate plaque disruption…

…cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism…

…belongs to the broader spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms or signs, with or without ECG abnormalities and…

…angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction are categorized under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…

…of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of the pericardium by an experienced clinician. The examination is…

…Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Pain Characteristics: While dyspnea is the cardinal symptom, chest pain can be present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and…

…rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic myocardial injury . Myocardial injury is not synonymous with myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin identifies injury to myocardial…

…often leads to a mistaken impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders…

…precipitating factor is identifiable in up to one half of cases. Reported precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional stress, and an intercurrent medical or surgical…

…five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the left atrial appendage, although competing…

…equal to 30 degrees [11]. Additionally, LAD may suggest underlying left heart disease in patients being evaluated for pulmonary hypertension [16]. Causes of Left and…

…moderately stenosed. Plaque rupture Plaques prone to rupture characteristically contain a large lipid pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption…

…failure Acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing…

…thrombus is attached to infarcted myocardium, superficial components may detach and embolize systemically. Observational data indicate approximately a fourfold greater risk of embolic events in…

…procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational atherectomy, and procedures performed for acute myocardial infarction. In SVG…

…refill and venous filling Pulses proximal and distal to the suspected obstruction Arterial and venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic…

…thrombus can fragment, embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts, and compromise the treated lumen. Conventional angiography has…