…failure Acute pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, or deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing…

…of the stent, stent diameter less than 3 mm, long stent length Large thrombotic burdens increase procedural risk because thrombus can fragment, embolize to other…

…disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably. Thrombotic material may embolize distally and…

…contraindications, and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test…

…between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. In many cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation), coronary embolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection with or without intramural haematoma. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection…

…include: Plaque rupture or plaque erosion with thrombosis, despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular…

…vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism differ from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high dose phase. Follow FASS (the Swedish medicines compendium) and…

…plaque morphology and location, comorbidities, environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial…

…evidence of peripheral embolism, or an unexplained drop in arterial pressure. Silent or unrecognized infarction occurs more often in patients without antecedent angina and in…

…venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage. Sensory loss extending beyond the toes and…

…embolization of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus may be dislodged by: Balloon inflation Atherectomy Stent implantation Manipulation of friable SVG lesions Embolic debris…

…stable patient The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis 3 Pulmonary embolism is the most likely diagnosis 3…

…in pulmonary embolism is up to 20%, and roughly 30% of patients with pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis experience a second thrombotic event within…

…Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia. Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Decompensated heart failure. Acute pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection…

…Troponin I and troponin T are components of the myocardial contractile apparatus and are expressed predominantly in cardiac muscle. Troponin I is highly specific for…

…on the vascular territory involved and may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes…

…Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions…

…Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death worldwide (1). Emboli originating in the atria, left atrial appendage (LAA), ventricles, valves, and proximal aorta can cause…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…microvascular disease and vasospasm may coexist with atherosclerosis or may be the dominant cause of ischaemia. Other mechanisms capable of obstructing coronary arteries include embolism…

…Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP…

…regardless of all other circumstances. The initial rhythm is an indicator of the underlying etiology, duration of cardiac arrest, quality of CPR, and a prognostic…

…e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically, acute tamponade arises from aortic dissection, and survival among such patients is, unfortunately…

…pericarditis/myocarditis or pulmonary embolism is often a reversible arrhythmia with low risk of recurrence. Atrial fibrillation in other circumstances (particularly those listed above) is…

…all other causes have been ruled out. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is presumably more common than previously thought and the condition may hamper the quality of…

…develop during acute management. AF is often haemodynamically tolerated and may require no specific acute therapy beyond appropriate anticoagulation and management of ventricular rate. However…

…loss of organized atrial systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical…

…injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin…

…due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in the pericardial space. Note that tachycardia, pulmonary embolism and ischemia may also cause electrical…

…Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are…

…g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably…

…Condition Recommended delay : : Myocardial infarction or unstable angina 1 month Pneumothorax 1 month after resolution Pulmonary embolism, until anticoagulated and stable An individual assessment Eye…

…set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for…

…and the resultant vector sum determines the mean electrical axis [3]. A frontal plane axis directed toward the positive pole of lead I is designated…

…and/or volume loaded. The load itself leads to impaired right ventricular function, especially if the load becomes prolonged. However, most often the cause of…

…right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism)…

…the result of a perfect storm scenario , where ischemia, hemodynamics, the autonomous nervous system, electrolyte concentrations, and other factors (potentially also genetic predisposition) interact to…

…known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their characteristic pain patterns…

…right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism)…

…and most often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result in the emergence of…