…Importantly, the vast majority of recommended ECG criteria (e.g. criteria for acute myocardial infarction) have been derived and validated using the 12 lead ECG…

…12 lead ECGs (e.g EASI, Frank's leads etc). Note that in some situations it is appropriate to connect additional electrodes in order to…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT) Pacemaker mediated tachycardia may arise if the pacemaker records a rapid atrial rate (e.g. during a…

…If the left atrium encounters increased resistance (e.g due to mitral valve stenosis) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which amplifies its contribution to the P…

…safely restore sinus rhythm, obviating slow drug titration and rendering the supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical. Performance involves sedation (e.g., intravenous midazolam, propofol…

…blocks. Importantly, first degree sinoatrial block and third degree sinoatrial block cannot be diagnosed using surface ECG (i.e. ECG recorded on the body surface)…

…ultrasound imaging and echocardiography. Piezoelectric crystals The ultrasound waves are generated by ceramic crystals exhibiting piezoelectric properties (i.e piezoelectric crystals ). Thousands of piezoelectric crystals…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…field repolarization currents (T waves), as well as far field currents (i.e currents generated by tissues that the electrode is not connected to). Also…

…often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off, the patient has not kept a diary…