…tissues, persisting from cardiac embryogenesis, are capable of exhibiting markedly increased automaticity, thereby serving as ectopic pacemaker foci. The term “ectopic” is often omitted in…

…refractory pathway, as shown in Figure 1 . The impulse may subsequently circulate within the atrioventricular node, as long as it encounters excitable tissue. As it…

…risk. 4 Furthermore, ectopic fat accumulation, such as intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), is independently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)…

…are lower or otherwise modified in some populations. Cardiometabolic mechanisms Visceral and ectopic fat are particularly relevant to cardiovascular risk. Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic…

…themselves are not reproduced in the available source material. Waist circumference is particularly important because intra abdominal, or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related…

…major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues…

…). Premature atrial contraction on ECG A premature atrial contraction occurs when an ectopic focus in the atria discharges before the next sinus impulse. The premature…

…atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of…

…conducted with right bundle branch block morphology. This is an example of how changes in the length of the cardiac cycle causes aberration. Figure 1…

…is why ectopic beats and ectopic rhythms originating there are referred to as junctional beats and junctional rhythms. The atria will be activated in the…

…The impulse discharged from an ectopic focus in the ventricles will spread abnormally (because the impulse did not enter the ventricles through the bundle of…

…ectopic focus) are referred to as an escape rhythm. In most cases, the escape rhythm originates in either of the following three structures (discussed in…

…The longer the duration of the tachyarrhythmia, the greater the risk of cardiomyopathy. Pathophysiology Prolonged tachyarrhythmias lead to the following hemodynamic effects: Tachyarrhythmia results in…

…thus pumping) activity at all, an escape rhythm must arise in an ectopic focus (located distal to the block). Third degree AV block is a…

…to the rule above should be noted. If an ectopic focus arises in or near the bundle of His, the impulse may be delivered to…

…node, the P wave will have a morphology similar to the P wave in sinus rhythm. However, an ectopic focus may be located anywhere. If…

…ECG waveforms and impulse transmission through the heart. Atrioventricular (AV) blocks occur due to dysfunction in the conduction system. The atrioventricular (AV) node is densely…