…and atherosclerosis. Ectopic fat deposited around or within the heart and kidneys may exert direct compressive effects and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric…

…aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth…

…major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows…

…response. The ECG in ectopic atrial rhythm and atrial tachycardia A regular rhythm with P waves that differ in contour from sinus P waves. If…

…atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex) A premature atrial contraction is produced by an impulse discharged from an ectopic focus located anywhere in the atria…

…energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by vagal manoeuvres, adenosine or rate controlling drugs…

…are lower or otherwise modified in some populations. Cardiometabolic mechanisms Visceral and ectopic fat are particularly relevant to cardiovascular risk. Excess adipose tissue promotes: Chronic…

…causing aberrant ventricular conduction. A premature atrial beat is simply an extra (unexpected) beat discharged by an ectopic focus in the atria. The impulse from…

…AVRT (Pre excitation, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome) and ectopic atrial tachycardia have traditionally been referred to as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias , because these tachyarrhythmias originate in…

…and the ventricles, which is why ectopic beats and ectopic rhythms originating there are referred to as junctional beats and junctional rhythms. The atria will…

…Ventricular premature complexes are not preceded by P waves because the ectopic impulse originates in the ventricles and does not influence the atria (with exceptions…

…or any other ectopic focus) are referred to as escape beats. Three or more consecutive beats from a latent pacemaker (or other ectopic focus) are…

…AV re entrant tachycardia (AVRT) Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia (JET) VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS Ventricular tachycardia Fascicular tachycardia FREQUENT ECTOPY Premature ventricular contractions…

…thus pumping) activity at all, an escape rhythm must arise in an ectopic focus (located distal to the block). Third degree AV block is a…

…seconds). The QRS complex is wide simply because the ectopic impulses that cause these rhythms spread partially or entirely outside of the ventricular conduction system…

…P wave in sinus rhythm. However, an ectopic focus may be located anywhere. If it is located near the atrioventricular node, activation of the atria…

…the ventricles to exhibit any electrical—and consequently mechanical—activity, an escape rhythm must originate from an ectopic focus located distal to the block. Thir