…Smoking is a major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion…

…compressions per minute with a depth of 4.7 cm. This combination was consistent across different ages, sexes, initial rhythms, and the use of CPR…

…The clinical rationale for DAPT is particularly strong after ACS and coronary stent implantation. ACS is associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis…

…constant and battery depletion must be minimized, most pacemakers use lead tips with high resistance (400 to 1200 Ω). The higher the resistance in the…

…also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of…

…resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac Arrest) : Sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest with loss of mechanical cardiac function. Results…

…Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold…

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation. PMVT is frequently associated with acute myocardial ischemia, electrolyte derangements…

…both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders…

…the "healthy" range can still harbor significant metabolic risk. 3 For patients with a BMI below 35 kg/m², direct assessments such as waist circumference…

…account for the majority of cases, and the great majority of objects can be removed in general practice or in the emergency department with simple…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…AF with a rapid ventricular response may precipitate or aggravate haemodynamic decompensation, whereas acute illness and increased sympathetic drive may promote AF. In DHF, ventricular…

…vessels with little or no lipid core, rich proteoglycans, and many smooth muscle cells, leading to a white, platelet rich thrombus. Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven…

…Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone is a pivotal therapeutic target [4]: Beta Blockers : Administered to reduce adrenergic stimulation [4]. Sedation and Intubation : Along with anxiolytics…

…hospitalization for heart failure is 60%, which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a…

…hospitalization for heart failure is 60%, which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a…

…and a small lipid core, the pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) is driven by the sudden destabilization of these lesions, a process known as…

…are less specific for FH. Corneal arcus is particularly informative when it occurs before age 45 years. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia HoFH typically presents with: Extensive…

…left ventricular hypertrophy, or echocardiographic evidence of impaired filling, make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with…

…problem is necessary for durable treatment. Intracoronary imaging is encouraged to define the mechanism rather than relying on angiography alone. Factors associated with restenosis The…

…typically driven by an acute stressor superimposed on the patient's baseline cardiovascular state. For instance, a patient with stable CAD may present with clinical…

…Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction are primary drivers, HFpEF is more frequently associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction, though epicardial coronary…

…Consequently, current guidelines recommend a 3 generation family history and consideration of genetic testing for all patients with non ischemic HFrEF. Toxic and infiltrative causes…