…Smoking is a major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion…

…compressions per minute with a depth of 4.7 cm. This combination was consistent across different ages, sexes, initial rhythms, and the use of CPR…

…The clinical rationale for DAPT is particularly strong after ACS and coronary stent implantation. ACS is associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis…

…constant and battery depletion must be minimized, most pacemakers use lead tips with high resistance (400 to 1200 Ω). The higher the resistance in the…

…also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of…

…resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac Arrest) : Sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest with loss of mechanical cardiac function. Results…

…Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold…

…common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism…

…by a continuously changing QRS morphology and axis, indicating a dynamic sequence of ventricular activation. PMVT is frequently associated with acute myocardial ischemia, electrolyte derangements…

…both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders…