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Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Management

…condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in lifetime cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and approximately doubles cardiovascular risk on average. Its…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…systemic cardiovascular risk. The presence of a carotid bruit is associated with approximately double the risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore…

Cardiac tamponade causing cardiac arrest

…of bending or damage during chest compressions. References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Doubles DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response…

Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment

…myocarditis and perimyocarditis: ECG changes and clinical features The pericardium is a double walled sac in which the heart and the roots of the great…

Corticosteroids: quick reference for dose equivalents and stress dosing

…infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness (the patient's sick day rules) Vomiting or…

Artifacts in ultrasound imaging

…to the tissue. Reverberations are common when examining lung tissue; the double layered pleura produce reverberations, which are referred to as A lines . Figure 3…

Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…lid margin upwards and backwards towards the forehead. Double eversion is achieved by advancing the bud further downwards until the upper fornix is visible. 6…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…3, 4 and 6 mm. A size 15 scalpel, a double edged razor blade or a flexible shave blade. Artery forceps, toothed surgical forceps, scissors…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…Clinical evidence for cardiovascular benefit CLEAR Outcomes CLEAR Outcomes was a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study of 13,970 patients at high cardiovascular risk…

Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection

…resembling atherosclerosis Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported in fewer than one third of cases…

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