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Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…or merely aggravation? Distinguish between a movement that triggers a new attack and a movement that merely worsens dizziness that is already ongoing . A patient…

Otoscopy and ear syringing

…hearing loss, ear discharge, dizziness, tinnitus, fever in a child without an obvious focus, and before every ear syringing. Removal of cerumen: Hearing loss, a…

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS)

…the impulse from reaching the atria. Disturbed automaticity and blocked impulses lead to arrhythmias that characterize sinus node dysfunction. The conditions encircled by the term…

Cardiac arrest in hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia

CPR Hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia Hyperthermia is characterized by a body temperature exceeding the typical range of 36.5 37.6°C (97.7 99.7°F…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…benefit Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms depend on the organ system involved. Possible manifestations include headache, visual disturbance, chest pain, dyspnoea, dizziness, and neurological deficits…

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…the patient has not kept a diary. The set up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from…

Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise threshold. Potential anginal equivalents include: Dyspnoea on exertion. Fatigue. Dizziness during exertion…

Management of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia)

…fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac arrest. The most common acute symptoms are dizziness (pre syncope), hypotension (chock), syncope, chest pain, heart failure and…

Blood pressure

…last two Orthostatic testing after 1 and 3 minutes of standing in older patients, patients with diabetes and anyone with dizziness Definitions White coat hypertension:…

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