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Endotracheal intubation

…A score of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation — call for help and get out the videolaryngoscope and plan B before you give the…

CPAP and non-invasive ventilation (NIV)

…against hypercapnia SpO₂ 88–92% Hypoxaemic failure without hypercapnia CPAP or high flow nasal oxygen 5–10 cmH₂O According to oxygenation requirement SpO₂ 92–96…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…assess renal function and the rate of rise. Often outpatient or brief inpatient follow up depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6.0 to 6…

Ventricular Tachycardia

…collectively dictate the urgency and modality of intervention [3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a…

Acute coronary syndrome: quick reference for loading doses and time targets

…ongoing or recurrent pain [1,3,4]. This quick reference gives internationally established doses. Drug availability, thrombolysis regimens, renal function thresholds and the division of…

Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening of dyspnoea…

Complications of Coronary Angiography and Vascular Access Management

…in the general sense; the decision depends on balancing the expected diagnostic or therapeutic benefit against the patient’s specific procedural risks. Vascular access and…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…Clinical Applications Natriuretic peptides have three principal roles: Supporting or excluding the diagnosis of HF Estimating disease severity and prognosis Contributing to longitudinal assessment and…

Physiological Assessment of Coronary Stenoses and Revascularization Decisions

…and proposes an integrated decision pathway for physiology guided revascularization. Overview: Comparison of Physiological Indices The table below summarizes the four index families discussed in…

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