…beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina, and…

…is to scrutinize potential cardiac sources of emboli and to evaluate the carotid and cerebral arteries. Ultrasound may reveal atherosclerotic plaques, thrombi, occlusions, and dissections…

…compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock and cerebral or…

…traumatic cardiac arrest and can arise from a range of injuries. Any trauma impairing ventilation or gas exchange can cause hypoxia. Such traumas include cerebral…

…ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the…

…Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]. 2. Aortic Dissection Pain Characteristics: The classic…

…Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma…

…exposure of thrombogenic material. Superficial plaque erosion. Thrombosis associated with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of…

…mm (ascending aorta, aortic arch) All individuals 60 mm (descending aorta) All individuals Risk factors : previous dissection, family history of dissection, severe aortic regurgitation or…

Procedurer The value of the exercise test lies not in ST depression alone but in the overall picture : exercise capacity, symptoms, blood pressure response, heart…