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The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…displacement of the ST segment. The ST segment may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…ventricular myocardium (failure of embryological delamination). The tricuspid valve annulus is displaced apically 0.8 mm/m 2 BSA. Basal segments of the right ventricle…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…are displayed in two groups of three: leads I, II and III and leads aVR, aVL and aVF. Figure 1 shows the traditional presentation of…

ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves

…diagnosis of Q wave infarction requires that pathological Q waves be present in at least two anatomically contiguous leads. In patients with STEMI, ST segment…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…the opening of the mitral valve and the left atrium. Recall that velocities (flows) directed away from the transducer are displayed below the baseline and…

Oesophageal ECG

…The oesophageal signal is thereby displayed in the V5 channel on the printout. 3. Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz…

Aortic stenosis

…according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis…

Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography

…resolution movie. The rate of update is described by the technical term frame rate , which is the number of images ( frames ) displayed per second. High…

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