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The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…heart's longitudinal axis (to the left and downwards). Figure 38 shows the coordinate system where the green area displays the range of the normal…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…the hearts longitudinal axis (to the left and downwards). Figure 38 shows the coordinate system where the green area displays the range of normal heart…

The ST segment: physiology, normal appearance, ST depression & ST elevation

…may be displaced upwards (ST segment elevation) or downwards (ST segment depression). The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…myocardium (failure of embryological delamination). The tricuspid valve annulus is displaced apically 0.8 mm/m 2 BSA. Basal segments of the right ventricle (i…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

Cardiac arrest during pregnancy and childbirth

…the uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a…

Continuous Wave Doppler (CW Doppler)

…the opening of the mitral valve and the left atrium. Recall that velocities (flows) directed away from the transducer are displayed below the baseline and…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…from right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not. Instead, the limb leads are displayed in two groups of…

Oesophageal ECG

…The oesophageal signal is thereby displayed in the V5 channel on the printout. 3. Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz…

Aortic stenosis

…according to type of stenosis. The patients with low flow (stroke volume index <35 ml/m²) and low gradient (<40 mmHg) displayed the worst prognosis…

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