…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

…Assessment begins with systematic lipid screening and a careful clinical, medical, social and multigenerational family history. The evaluation should establish: The magnitude of untreated LDL…

…due to stopping statins. There are three main questions discussed in media, blogs and on social plattforms: Is high cholesterol a true cause of coronary…

…the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases, and thrombocytopenia—is…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…subepicardium over several hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and intermittent occlusion with reperfusion. Prompt reperfusion…

…Abnormal A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates…

…the skin to fix the position of the transducer. The ultrasound gel is important because it maximizes the contact surface between the transducer and the…

…often used in combination with meprobamate for the treatment of sleep disorders. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Aceprometazine+AND+(%22QT%22…

…results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome…

…local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus…

…relevant in adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors…

…and cause ventricular fibrosis, thereby increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with bradycardia or intermittent conduction disorders frequently present with…

…it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR…

…impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the…

…with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with…

…Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting sarcomeric proteins, particularly MYH7 and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a…

…QT dispersion. Increased QT dispersion is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. This is presumably explained by a higher incidence of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It…

…remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater likelihood of cure…

…Non ischemic etiologies encompass a highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded…

…yet to be discovered. Diagnosis of this syndrome is based on ECG, family history and clinical presentation. Patients present with syncope, early onset of atrial…

…thickness, early plaque formation and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Women with RA were reported to have approximately twice the myocardial infarction risk of age matched controls…

…disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular burden. Obesity may be a particularly important cause of HF with…

…carotid, vertebral and coronary arteries. In one study cited in the source material, FMD was identified in 86% of patients with SCAD. SCAD should therefore…

…The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST segment. The magnitude of ST segment deviation is measured as the height…

…disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states. EAT typically has an abrupt onset, although…

…Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 . Sinus rhythm. ECG 13 . Ventricular tachycardia. ECG 14 . Sinus rhythm, with ST segment elevations not seen previously…

…as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100 beats per minute) is on a par with the rate…

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

…have shown muscle adverse event rates similar to those with placebo, whereas approximately 10% of patients in registries and routine clinical practice report muscle symptoms…

…remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations…

…to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with…

…Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Symptoms may resemble those of obstructive epicardial coronary disease or vasospastic angina. The clinical presentation is not sufficiently specific to identify…

…resemble those of STEMI associated with obstructive atherosclerotic disease. Patients with MINOCA tend to be younger and more often female than patients with atherosclerotic mediated…

…life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia, although capable of causing cardiac…

…is a correlation between the severity of electrolyte imbalance and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium…

…Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium levels. Brugada…

…autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their…

…or progress to chronic limb threatening ischaemia (CLTI). Clinical presentation and symptoms Asymptomatic and atypical disease Fewer than half of patients with PAD have typical…

…supine position and after 3 minutes of standing to determine if orthostatic hypotension is present. High risk features on history include: New onset of chest…

…to chronic lung disease, hypoxia, or sleep disordered breathing Group 4: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease Group 5: PH with…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…15%–20%, substantially exceeding those seen with native vessel PCI. Mechanisms The principal mechanism is distal embolization of atheromatous and thrombotic material. Plaque or thrombus…

…several within a short period 24 to 72 hours Increasing autonomic hyperactivity and risk of complicated withdrawal 48 to 96 hours Delirium tremens with disorientation…

…their clinical trajectories and extracardiac manifestations differ significantly. AL Amyloidosis: Associated with more rapid progression of heart failure and a worse prognosis compared to ATTR …

…aortic valve itself, due to the reduced area of the valvular orifice. Both aortic stenosis and hypertension result in increased ventricular load, which the ventricle…

…of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to…

…be checked with a capillary or venous measurement [5]. Treatment The awake patient who can swallow safely Give 15 to 20 g of rapid acting…

…is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body…

…2% to 4%). The condition has been recognized for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring…

…characteristic clinical phenotype of breathlessness, fatigue and oedema. This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction…