…over extensor tendons, are characteristic clinical manifestations of untreated FH and may develop when the disorder is not recognized early in life. Corneal arcus and…

…Cardiac Amyloidosis Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a protein misfolding disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded fibrillar proteins in the myocardium…

…hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression…

…potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas, possibly due to reduced binding to serum albumin. Nicotinic acid: Acetylsalicylic acid may increase plasma levels of nicotinic acid…

…the severity of electrolyte imbalance and the visible ECG changes. Specific electrolyte disorders 1. Sodium Increased (hypernatremia) and decreased (hyponatremia) sodium levels do not have…

…low plasma glucose during the symptoms. 3. Resolution of the symptoms when the glucose is normalised [3]. A healthy person without diabetes therefore does not…

…Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total…

…antenatal hypertensive disorders, but it may also arise de novo after delivery. New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal…

…include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure…

…cTn alone does not establish MI, because myocardial injury may occur without myocardial ischaemia. Non ischaemic myocardial injury may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders…

…can often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component, but it should not be regarded as fully interchangeable with an…

…during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency…

…syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) Metabolic disorders Hypokalemia Hypomagnesemia Hypocalcemia Starvation Anorexia nervosa Liquid protein diets Hypothyroidism Bradyarrhythmia Sinus bradycardia Sinus node dysfunction…

…s disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting…

…This causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and…

Cardiology Definition and purpose Cardiovascular risk assessment estimates an individual’s probability of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older…

…conduction disorders frequently present with presyncope or syncope. Diagnosing transient or paroxysmal AV block in these individuals can be challenging. A high suspicion of intermittent…

…with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental…

…disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the trapezius ridge is not seen in STEMI and suggests pericarditis instead. Pain is not uniformly present. The proportion of…

…and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the…

…assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate…

…Cure is not universal, however. Delayed recognition may permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder…

…MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary…

…Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the fifth decade of life in several family members. Imaging studies did not reveal structural cardiac abnormalities…

…factors such as smoking, family history of premature coronary disease, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia did not fully explain the excess coronary risk. Rheumatoid arthritis RA is…

…suggestive of sleep disordered breathing Hypoventilation Peripheral oedema or venous disease Reduced mobility Osteoarthritis and low back pain Symptoms of type 2 diabetes or metabolic…

…dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall, usually through formation of an intramural haematoma that compresses the…

…by the end of the QRS complex (it typically causes J point depression). The reason for such electrical potential difference is that not all ventricular…

…also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states…

…Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 . Sinus rhythm. ECG 13 . Ventricular tachycardia. ECG 14 . Sinus rhythm, with ST segment elevations not seen previously…

…after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100…

…may be accompanied by already impaired ventricular function, does not allow for adequate filling of the ventricles, which results in reduced stroke volume and reduced…

…Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant…

…musculoskeletal, and anxiety related disorders. The immediate objective is not simply to establish whether the patient has ACS. It is to determine whether the patient…

…coronary disorders. The investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This balance forms part of shared…

…bridging; myocardial metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis…

…These disorders require distinction from true MINOCA because their management is different. Takotsubo syndrome and myocarditis should not be classified as MINOCA when they are…

…managed as chronic hyponatremia. Degree of hyponatremia P/S Na + Common effects Mild 130 125 mmol/l Cognitive disorders, vertigo, balance disorder. Moderate 115 125…

…Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium levels. Brugada…

…Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the…

…adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation of systemic arterial disease rather than an isolated disorder of the lower limbs. Patients frequently have…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Cardiology Definition and Pathophysiology Vasovagal syncope represents the most common form of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory cell entry into the intima, and thrombus formation. Atherosclerosis is therefore not simply a disorder of lipid storage. Its…

…therapy may reduce embolization of thrombotic or atheroembolic material, but pharmacological and mechanical strategies directed specifically at reperfusion injury have not generally demonstrated sufficient clinical…

…at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification…

…echocardiography Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disorder that causes left ventricular hypertrophy under normal loading conditions. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should not be confused with hypertrophy caused…

…is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately from nicotine. Smoking is a major modifiable driver of…

…ECG examples of each condition are presented below. The ECG in Brugada syndrome Brugada syndrome is a rare channelopathy (an electrical disorder caused by mutations…

…out to billions of individuals worldwide. They exert enormous influence over their visitors daily lives. However, media outlets and bloggers are not necessarily experienced researchers…

…This definition does not depend on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms…