…disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of…

…Low body mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism…

…disease typically results in thickening of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders…

…relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop weakness, muscle cramps or, in severe cases, periodic paralysis. Nevertheless, many patients are normokalaemic and…

…Addison's disease and digoxin intoxication may also cause hyperkalemia. ECG in mild hyperkalemia (potassium 6,0 mmol/L) The earliest sign of hyperkalemia is…

…Addison's disease, renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical…

…Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs. In…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the trapezius ridge is not seen in STEMI and suggests pericarditis instead. Pain is not uniformly present…

…disorders, but it may also arise de novo after delivery. New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…injury may accompany numerous cardiac and systemic disorders, including: Cardiac causes Systemic causes Heart failure Sepsis Myocarditis Chronic kidney disease Cardiomyopathy Stroke or subarachnoid haemorrhage…

…Abnormal A compensated simple disorder, or two opposing primary disorders It is therefore not enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates…

…is important because it maximizes the contact surface between the transducer and the skin. Generous use of gel is recommended. In addition to the gel…

…is often used in combination with meprobamate for the treatment of sleep disorders. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Aceprometazine+AND+(%22QT…

…local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus…

…lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and peripheral arterial disease…

…and hyperkalemia. When bradycardia occurs in the context of inflammatory heart disease, it often reflects myocardial pathology that may also reduce myocardial contractility and cause…

…Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the United…

…Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant…

…shared environmental or behavioural factors rather than a single gene disorder. This distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia…

…the vulnerability caused by marked local differences in repolarization. This article is part of the comprehensive chapter: How to read and interpret the normal ECG

…is not regarded as a discrete disease; rather, it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively…

…in Western populations [14] . Non ischemic etiologies encompass a highly heterogeneous group of disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and…

…heart disease with prolongation of the Q T interval and sudden death. Am Heart J 1957;54:59 68. Brugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle…

…fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature atherosclerosis is particularly strong in RA and SLE…

…during the first week. It is the most frequent cause of ACS during pregnancy and the postpartum period in the cited data. Angiographic classification SCAD…

…2010 ). At the time of J 60 and J 80, there is minimal chance that there are any electrical potential differences in the myocardium. Current…

…may also present in individuals without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine…

…arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the risk of developing ventricular fibrillation, in any situation…

…effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100 beats per minute) is on a par with the rate in sinus…

…arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD), Brugada syndrome , long QT syndrome , sarcoidosis , Prinzmetal's angina (coronary vasospasm), electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine…

…approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with…

…Assessing the haemodynamic significance of lesions whose angiographic severity is uncertain. Supporting decisions regarding revascularization and, in selected patients, identifying microvascular or vasomotor coronary disorders…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA is not a definitive disease diagnosis. It is a descriptive and…

…those in Brugada syndrome. This disorder is easy to diagnose with a simple blood test and the ST segment elevations resolve after normalization of potassium…

…autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest specific, nonidiopathic etiologies [2]. Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their…

…and bundle branch block. Cardiac monitoring is indicated for patients with a high pretest probability of arrhythmia causing syncope. In hospital monitoring is reserved for…

…precapillary PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative, plexogenic, and sometimes thrombotic…

…patterns in detail. Physical manifestations Tendinous xanthomas, particularly over extensor tendons, are characteristic clinical manifestations of untreated FH and may develop when the disorder is…

…the extent of microvascular obstruction and the territory supplied by the treated vessel. Possible manifestations include: Persistent or recurrent myocardial ischemia Deterioration in ventricular function…

…use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification. Benzodiazepines reduce the severity of withdrawal and the risk of seizures and delirium [1,2]. In…

…A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable…

…asymmetric, i.e its distribution in the left ventricular myocardium varies. Septal hypertrophy, apical hypertrophy and hypertrophy of the left ventricular free wall are common…

…outcome Reported benefit of cessation Cardiovascular disease overall Substantial reduction in cardiovascular events and mortality Established coronary disease Approximately 36% lower risk of premature death…

…a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes…

…a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In…

…in V2 and V3. This may be confused with right bundle branch block. Paper speed 50 mm/s. Type 1 Brugada syndrome reminds somewhat of…

…that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This required thousands of observational studies, genetic studies and randomized controlled clinical trials…

…particularly in early disease and in optimally treated patients; their absence therefore does not exclude HFrEF. Clinical evaluation should define: The severity of symptoms and…