…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…

…different vessel. Choice of site Vessel Advantages Disadvantages : : : Internal jugular vein (right) Best ultrasound conditions, a straight course to the superior vena cava, compressible if…

…located near the entrance of the superior vena cava in the right atrium (Figure 1). The sinus node is composed of highly specialized cells that…

…dilatation but echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (cardiac MRI) are superior to the ECG in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, to detect hypertrophy/dilatation…

…light causes rapid bilateral pupillary constriction (a brisk reflex), whereas low light causes dilation. This reflex is highly sensitive to brainstem integrity and cerebral perfusion…

…DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…to dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and the mitral annulus increases), both of…

…ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia) can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor…

…Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation…