…clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation. Assess ventilation…

…When ACE is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent. Similarly…

…dependent on the CTI. Consequently, true atypical flutter is considered a post hoc diagnosis, confirmed only after the circuit has been fully outlined and dependence…

…Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes. Standby pacing — pads applied but the device not switched on — in second degree AV block Mobitz type…

…Implantation history and current indication. Device function and battery status. Whether the patient is pacemaker dependent. Whether the device has been recently interrogated and whether…

…which prolongs the plateau phase of the action potential. This action potential prolongation exhibits reverse use dependence, meaning the repolarization time is extended to a…

…antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever [2]. The direct evidence for exactly one hour…

…and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole research field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors…

…ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a working diagnosis based on persistent ST segment elevation or an equivalent electrocardiographic pattern in a patient with…

…imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG)…

…Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells…

…with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. The inspiratory increase in right…

…be generated during exercise. Effect of preload and afterload on ejection fraction Ejection fraction is highly dependent on preload and afterload. A rapid increase in…

…2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based on symptoms, the ECG…

…pale Variable, often deep Pain Moderate, relieved by elevation Severe, worse on elevation, better when dependent Often painless (neuropathy) Surrounding skin Hyperpigmentation, oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, eczema…

…Components of the ATRIA Score The ATRIA score assigns points based on five clinical factors: Anemia: Hemoglobin <13 g/dL in men or <12 g…

…portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction…

…as an agonist of both beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors, with variable effects on alpha receptors. Stimulation of beta receptors increases inotropy and chronotropy by…

…Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) Pulmonary congestion detected by B lines on lung ultrasound Myocardial perfusion when ultrasound contrast agents are used The technique is…

…DI LQTS and DI TdP is drug dependent, ranging between 1% and 8% for Class III antiarrhythmic agents depending on the specific drug and dosage …

…AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical history (with emphasis on causes of AV blocks; please…

…with more frequent injectable therapy, although the clinical importance of improved adherence remains dependent on sustained follow up and administration. Clinical indications and place in…

…f r f u )] / [2·f u ·cos ϴ] Significance of the angle of insonation Doppler calculations are highly dependent on the angle of insonation…

…atrium is 36 mmHg. Disadvantages of the Bernoulli equation The Bernoulli equation is highly dependent on the precision of the Doppler measurement. The Doppler beam…

…intravenous beta blocker Digoxin In heart failure or hypotension, or as an add on Slow onset. Dose reduction in renal failure and in old age…

…between, a stimulation test is needed. These thresholds are also assay dependent. Follow up of known HPA suppression to determine whether replacement can be stopped…

…arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al )…

…approximately 40–50%. Distal disease is particularly common in older people and in patients with diabetes. The haemodynamic consequences depend on lesion location, severity, length…

…arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac ion channels ( Dan et al )…

…induced coronary disease. The distinction between UA and NSTEMI has become increasingly dependent on the use of highly sensitive cardiac troponin assays. As detection of…

…6 minutes (Lipton et al). Survival in cardiac arrest is highly dependent on the initial rhythm (first recorded rhythm). The initial rhythm is a marker…

…with fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance or altered mental status rather than prominent breathlessness. Hemodynamic phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish congestion from hypoperfusion. This distinction provides…

…Holter ECG is useful to determine the frequency, severity and situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If sinus bradycardia is likely due to drug side effects…

…Body composition Measurement Women Men : : : Body fat, normal 21–33 % (age dependent) 8–22 % Body fat, obesity 35 % 25 % Fat free mass index 15–19…

…Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged use. Methemoglobinemia. Hypoxemia. Caution Proceed with caution in afterload dependent conditions. Nitroglycerin doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…is metabolized to cyanide. Cyanid toxicity may be fatal (should be suspected if patient develops altered mental status and lactic acidosis). Fatal outcomes are rare…

…and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women from young adulthood, resulting…

…A pathogenic variant does not invariably result in clinical disease. Penetrance is incomplete and age dependent, and the severity and manifestations of disease may differ…

…LDL C. Statin therapy also produces a modest, dose dependent reduction in triglycerides. The benefit of statins extends beyond angiographic reduction of coronary obstruction. Intensive…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…