…to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine. The anterolateral position also works and is

…stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the…

…pregnant women, patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and patients treated with CAR T cells or other advanced immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition…

…and exclude dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion…

…score. Comparison with other bleeding risk models Several bleeding risk assessment tools exist for patients with AF, including HAS BLED, HEMORR2HAGES, and ORBIT scores. Each…

…that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells. Through the guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins Gi and Go…

…atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma. Atherosclerotic PAD is a manifestation…

…order to evaluate ventricular function, since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management…

…the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic…

…although the clinical importance of improved adherence remains dependent on sustained follow up and administration. Clinical indications and place in therapy Inclisiran has been approved…

…pale Variable, often deep Pain Moderate, relieved by elevation Severe, worse on elevation, better when dependent Often painless (neuropathy) Surrounding skin Hyperpigmentation, oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, eczema…

…the sensitization of sensory nerve endings due to the accumulation of bradykinin. ACE is responsible for metabolizing bradykinin and other tachykinins, such as substance P…

…LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination Before stress echocardiography, clinical assessment should…

…myocardial bridging and radiation induced coronary disease. The distinction between UA and NSTEMI has become increasingly dependent on the use of highly sensitive cardiac troponin…

…f r f u )] / [2·f u ·cos ϴ] Significance of the angle of insonation Doppler calculations are highly dependent on the angle of insonation…

…prosthesis and in moderate to severe mitral stenosis, where warfarin applies. Apixaban is often preferred, among other reasons because it has the least renally dependent…

…cardiac arrest is highly dependent on the initial rhythm (first recorded rhythm). The initial rhythm is a marker of several crucial events and factors: Cause…

…dependent on the CTI. Consequently, true atypical flutter is considered a post hoc diagnosis, confirmed only after the circuit has been fully outlined and dependence…

…of patients on sotalol. Because the drug is excreted unchanged primarily by the kidneys, creatinine clearance must be assessed prior to initiation and monitored continuously…

…Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation. Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid…

…highly interdependent and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole research field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiological rationale ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a working diagnosis based on persistent ST segment…

…for the recovery of time dependent inward currents. This process creates early afterdepolarisations (EADs) that generate premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and increases transmural dispersion of…

…be generated during exercise. Effect of preload and afterload on ejection fraction Ejection fraction is highly dependent on preload and afterload. A rapid increase in…

…portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction…

…It enhances myocardial contractility and induces peripheral vasodilation through cardiac myofilament calcium sensitisation. This process is achieved via calcium dependent binding to troponin C during…

…DI LQTS and DI TdP is drug dependent, ranging between 1% and 8% for Class III antiarrhythmic agents depending on the specific drug and dosage…

…the right ventricle and the right atrium is 36 mmHg. Disadvantages of the Bernoulli equation The Bernoulli equation is highly dependent on the precision of…

…and a value above about 350–400 nmol/L makes it unlikely; in between, a stimulation test is needed. These thresholds are also assay dependent…

…treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac…

…treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification fails to clarify that the majority of these agents exert effects on multiple cardiac…

…failure is characterized by increased right atrial and right ventricular pressures with systemic congestion. Interventricular dependence may impair left ventricular filling and reduce systemic output…

…dysfunction, side effects of medications and acute myocardial infarction. Holter ECG is useful to determine the frequency, severity and situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If…

…33 % (age dependent) 8–22 % Body fat, obesity 35 % 25 % Fat free mass index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing…

…Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged use. Methemoglobinemia. Hypoxemia. Caution Proceed with caution in afterload dependent conditions. Nitroglycerin doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…and monitor the patient closely to avoid cyanide toxicity. • Dose dependent reduction in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and…

…contributing to delayed assessment and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women…

…However, other inheritance patterns, de novo variants, incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression complicate risk prediction. Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural…

…receptor expression, accelerating clearance of circulating LDL particles and lowering plasma LDL C. Statin therapy also produces a modest, dose dependent reduction in triglycerides. The…

…min from rest to exercise. This response is age dependent and may rarely occur in healthy people older than 60 years. The abnormal slope does…