…dependent (atypical) flutter. The terms non CTI dependent MRAT and atypical flutter are used interchangeably to describe flutter waves on the ECG that do not…

…Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes. Standby pacing — pads applied but the device not switched on — in second degree AV block Mobitz type…

…stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the…

…virtually all of the beta blocking activity. Sotalol does not block alpha adrenoceptors and lacks sodium channel blocking activity, meaning it exerts no membrane stabilizing…

…Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation. Assess ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid…

…malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy, bone marrow failure and certain targeted cancer treatments. Fever is not obligatory Hypothermia, new confusion, tachypnoea, hypotension, rigors…

…highly interdependent and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole research field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors…

…agents act preferentially when fibrin is present, whereas streptokinase is not fibrin specific and produces more extensive fibrinogen depletion. Successful fibrinolysis is generally accompanied by…

…for the recovery of time dependent inward currents. This process creates early afterdepolarisations (EADs) that generate premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and increases transmural dispersion of…

…usually within 30 seconds. Doses higher than 18 mg are unlikely to revert a tachycardia and should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required…

…the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic…

…be generated during exercise. Effect of preload and afterload on ejection fraction Ejection fraction is highly dependent on preload and afterload. A rapid increase in…

…acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based on symptoms, the ECG and haemodynamics. Do not wait for troponin…

…pale Variable, often deep Pain Moderate, relieved by elevation Severe, worse on elevation, better when dependent Often painless (neuropathy) Surrounding skin Hyperpigmentation, oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, eczema…

…Lip GYH. Evaluation of the HAS BLED, ATRIA, and ORBIT bleeding risk scores in atrial fibrillation patients on warfarin. Am J Med . 2016;129(6…

…portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction…

…Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide a detailed description of the physical examination maneuvers specific to the evaluation of patients requiring…

…Valve function and stress related haemodynamic changes Diastolic function Pulmonary hypertension Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) Pulmonary congestion detected by B lines on lung ultrasound…

…DI LQTS and DI TdP is drug dependent, ranging between 1% and 8% for Class III antiarrhythmic agents depending on the specific drug and dosage…

…drug. • Effective in sinus bradycardia or AV node block. • Dose <0.5 mg may worsen bradycardia and should not be given. • Relative contraindications are ileus…

…although the clinical importance of improved adherence remains dependent on sustained follow up and administration. Clinical indications and place in therapy Inclisiran has been approved…

…f r f u )] / [2·f u ·cos ϴ] Significance of the angle of insonation Doppler calculations are highly dependent on the angle of insonation…

…the right ventricle and the right atrium is 36 mmHg. Disadvantages of the Bernoulli equation The Bernoulli equation is highly dependent on the precision of…

…hours, not 48. The 2024 ESC guidelines and several Swedish clinical knowledge resources have tightened the former 48 hour rule for patients with risk factors…

…thresholds are also assay dependent. Follow up of known HPA suppression to determine whether replacement can be stopped. The test is not the first line…

…and contraindications. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Antiarrhythmic drugs affect the function of cardiac ion channels. These agents are classified according to the…

…is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring…

…foot and toes. Pain that is worse at night or when the limb is horizontal. Improvement when the leg is placed in a dependent position…

…and contraindications. Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs Antiarrhythmic drugs affect the function of cardiac ion channels. These agents are classified according to the…

…become increasingly dependent on the use of highly sensitive cardiac troponin assays. As detection of myocardial necrosis has improved, some patients formerly classified as having…

…cardiac arrest is highly dependent on the initial rhythm (first recorded rhythm). The initial rhythm is a marker of several crucial events and factors: Cause…

…between cardiac and renal dysfunction is particularly important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate…

…dysfunction, side effects of medications and acute myocardial infarction. Holter ECG is useful to determine the frequency, severity and situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If…

…33 % (age dependent) 8–22 % Body fat, obesity 35 % 25 % Fat free mass index 15–19 kg/m² 17–22 kg/m² Ideal and dosing…

…Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged use. Methemoglobinemia. Hypoxemia. Caution Proceed with caution in afterload dependent conditions. Nitroglycerin doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with high intracranial pressure or azotemia. • Should not…

…contributing to delayed assessment and undertreatment. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors Several conventional risk factors have sex dependent effects: Blood pressure rises more steeply in women…

…Penetrance and variable expression A pathogenic variant does not invariably result in clinical disease. Penetrance is incomplete and age dependent, and the severity and manifestations…

…receptor expression, accelerating clearance of circulating LDL particles and lowering plasma LDL C. Statin therapy also produces a modest, dose dependent reduction in triglycerides. The…

…This response is age dependent and may rarely occur in healthy people older than 60 years. The abnormal slope does not itself distinguish precapillary from…