…Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by…

…Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by…

…as the reference line or isoelectric line ) of the ECG curve. The amplitude of any deflection/wave is measured by using the PR segment as…

…are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe regurgitation; the leakage usually ends early…

…Is there a P wave in front of every ventricular complex? Normal values and differential diagnoses In sinus rhythm the rate is 50–100/min…

…appearance in short axis views. The increased pressure may also propagate back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava…

…baseline ( reference line or isoelectric line ) of the ECG curve. The amplitude of any deflection/wave is measured by using the PR segment as the…

…the left ventricle during diastole. The hemodynamic consequences of aortic regurgitation depend on whether the condition develops acutely or gradually. Acute aortic regurgitation Acute aortic…

…abnormalities of ischaemia include depletion of glycogen, relaxation of myofibrils, and disruption of the sarcolemma. These changes may appear within 10–15 minutes of ischaemia…

…40% of in hospital cardiac arrests (IHCA; Jerkeman et al ). Current guidelines recommend a compression depth of 5–6 cm at a rate of 100…

…rapidly. After 5 minutes of VF, approximately 50% of the ATP remained. Figure 1 . Myocardial ATP concentration after induction of ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest). As…

…Duration of effect 8 to 24 hours Delivery IV Dose Initial dose: 1.25 mg iv. Increase as necessary. Maximum dose: 5 mg iv every…

…fibrinogen depletion. Successful fibrinolysis is generally accompanied by relief of ischaemic symptoms, at least 50% resolution of ST segment elevation, and haemodynamic stability. Selection of…

…also be ignored. The atrial lead is therefore set to record signals with an amplitude range of 1.5 to 5 mV, and frequency 80…

…3–5 days and resolution within about 1 week in the usual course. Severe AKI requiring dialysis is uncommon except in the presence of substantial…

…pauses. In an ICD patient, EMI may be interpreted as ventricular tachyarrhythmia and trigger inappropriate antitachycardia treatment unless detection and therapy are disabled. Conversely, asynchronous…

…light causes rapid bilateral pupillary constriction (a brisk reflex), whereas low light causes dilation. This reflex is highly sensitive to brainstem integrity and cerebral perfusion…

…complex: Naming of the waves in the QRS complex is easy but frequently misunderstood. The following rules apply when naming the waves: A deflection is…

…is comprised of one negative deflection. The following figure shows pathological Q waves in two patients with acute STEMI. Figure 2. Examples of STE ACS…

…DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…LAP rise slowly. This leads to compensatory dilatation of chambers. The mechanism underlying ventricular and atrial dilation proceeds from Laplace's law, which states that…

…misestimations. Clinical implications While the MDRD eGFR calculator has significantly advanced the detection and management of CKD, clinicians should be aware of its limitations. In…

…left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid…

…and it provides adequate opportunities for rhythm diagnostics, as well as detection of T waves and R waves. It is essential that T waves and…

…meaning that the greater portion of the P wave is positive but the terminal portion is slightly negative (the vector generated by left atrial activation…

…113 kg. Normal dilution: 4 mg/ml. Recommended initial dose: 3 mg/kg, given over 10 minutes. Maximum initial dose of 339 mg, which is…

…the arms exceeding 15 mmHg is associated with a 50% higher risk of cardiovascular death. Bilateral arm blood pressure measurement is therefore recommended in the…

…the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary…

…01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1 mg, every 3–5 min Amiodarone 300 mg IV after the…

…and the arrhythmia itself. This remodeling manifests as interstitial fibrosis, atrial dilation, and endocardial denudation, which collectively promote local inflammation and create a highly prothrombotic…

…of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular end diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical observations with a precordial dilution…

…Early detection of cardiac arrest Yes 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR Yes 15 Hasselqvist et al Early defibrillation Yes, if AED is available 5…

…Investigation of cardiac masses Detection of cardiac masses with echocardiography most often entails additional investigation, which is aimed at clarifying the genesis of the mass…

…as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response…

…deflection of biphasic (diphasic) P waves is generally <1 mm deep. P wave duration ≤0,12 seconds. P wave amplitude in limb leads <2,5…

…right heart hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately right heart failure. Echocardiography in mitral stenosis Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis includes visual and 2D imaging, as well…

…causes increased right ventricular load, which results in increased oxygen demand and dilatation of the right ventricle. Despite the dilation, myocardial ischemia will develop if…

…tolerance Reproduction and characterization of symptoms Heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise Detection of exercise induced arrhythmias Identification of exercise related ST segment…

…Where resources permit, objective assessment may include directly observed treatment or detection of prescribed medications in blood or urine samples. In patients with an estimated…

…distinction between UA and NSTEMI has become increasingly dependent on the use of highly sensitive cardiac troponin assays. As detection of myocardial necrosis has improved…

…Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski et al Bystander CPR BLS 15 Hasselqvist et al Early defibrillation BLS (if AED available) 5 Kitamura…

…the concentration, the dilution instructions and the local protocol before prescribing. Basic principles of treatment The patient should be managed in an emergency department, an…

…to need 5–15 mg of morphine in total. If more than that is required without effect, reconsider the pain mechanism instead of continuing to…

…approximately 12–14 g of ethanol. Representative quantities are a 12 ounce regular beer containing approximately 5% alcohol, 5 fluid ounces of wine containing approximately…

…Reliance on hypokalaemia alone therefore misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important…

…wall becomes thinner and the ventricle begins to dilate. Approximately 50% of cases exhibit biventricular cardiomyopathy, although the disease is less pronounced in the left…

…The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to perform a systematic interpretation of the ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is…

…indicative of tricuspid stenosis: Maximum flow velocity exceeds 1 m/s. Pressure half time (PHT) exceeds 190 ms in pronounced stenosis. Mean pressure gradient 5…

…No intravenous line No premedication No special preparation Radiation exposure of approximately 1–1.5 mSv with contemporary techniques The total CAC burden should be…

…excluded with out of office measurements. Objective assessment of adherence may be undertaken where resources permit, using directly observed treatment or detection of prescribed drugs…

…in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm (which is the normal rhythm) has the following characteristics: (1) heart rate 50–100 beats per minute; (2…