…80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right…

…several hours of awakening has been described. Atypical and painless presentations Pain is not universal. Painless STEMI is more frequent in people with diabetes and…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

…Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as…

…of every tendon crossing the wound. A tendon injury can be painless and gives normal passive movement — test actively against resistance, tendon by tendon . With…

…preferably with sips of water if swallowing is safe. Advance the tube in time with the swallows. 6. Stop immediately in the event of coughing…

…of acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present with…

…requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia…

…disease. Alcohol also increases the rise in myocardial oxygen consumption associated with exercise. Chronic myocardial injury Long term heavy consumption can produce a cardiomyopathy, although…

…excludes myocardial ischemia as the cause of the pain. Refer to The ischemic cascade for details. History taking in patients with chest pain (chest discomfort…