…catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the malformation…

…as well as congenital malformations leading to an incomplete or absent pericardium. In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a…

…disease, congenital malformations, radiation complications, metastases, myxoma, cardiac thrombi, etc (Table 1). Most causes of mitral stenosis yield a progressive narrowing of the mitral valve…

…of the bridged segment may extend into diastole, so the physiological effect is not limited to systole. Exercise may amplify the abnormality through increased myocardial…

…disease : Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs due to carcinomas secreting kallikrein and serotonin. In the heart, this can lead to thickening of…

…or mechanical prostheses. The former is preferred due to the lower risk of thrombosis and evidence demonstrating long term durability (Filsoufi et al). Percutaneous interventions…

…Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or failure to thrive. Limitations and Considerations Technical Challenges : Poor acoustic windows…

…where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most…

…and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and…

…this link to assess the literature. Medical conditions Category Condition Congenital conditions Jervell and Lange Nielsen syndrome Romano Ward syndrome Idiopathic congenital long QT syndrome …

…QT duration predisposes to life threatening ventricular arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations…

…with ECG may reveal atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, atrial fibrillation is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure…

…catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload, which gradually causes right ventricular…

…ventricle is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease…

…common causes are arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/ARVD), Brugada syndrome , long QT syndrome , sarcoidosis , Prinzmetal's angina (coronary vasospasm), electrolyte disorders , congenital heart…

…a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with…

…the prevalence of atrial arrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrests, this syndrome appears to be very serious. The ECG is characterized by marked, persistent…

…to whether they are: Not associated with ischaemia Associated with episodic ischaemia Associated with obligatory ischaemia Anomalies may involve the coronary ostium, origin, termination, congenital…

…rest to exercise. This response is age dependent and may rarely occur in healthy people older than 60 years. The abnormal slope does not itself…

…does not significantly alter the H V interval. By these mechanisms, it slows the ventricular response to atrial tachyarrhythmias, although it rarely causes conversion to…

…a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with…

…s disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting…