…Study Figure 7 carefully, as it illustrates how the P wave and QRS complex are generated by the electrical vectors. Note that the first vector…

ECG Video lecture: The QRS complex: Q wave, R wave & S wave

…the impulse to each respective ventricle) the QRS complex is normal (i.e QRS duration <0.12 s). However, the QRS complex can be wide…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats): ECG and clinical implications Premature ventricular complexes are also referred to as…

…narrow and wide complex tachycardia All clinically significant supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias have been reviewed in previous sections. However, given that each arrhythmia has been…

…interpretation requires a structured assessment of the waves and intervals. Before discussing each component in detail, a brief overview of the waves and intervals is…

ECG Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T…

Cardiology Introduction Ventricular tachycardia (VT) represents a complex and potentially lethal spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias that remains a formidable challenge in contemporary cardiovascular medicine. As…

[calc_syntax] SYNTAX Score: A Tool for Revascularization Strategy in Complex Coronary Artery Disease The SYNTAX Score is a semi quantitative scoring system designed to…

Cardiology Definition and terminology Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…requiring rapid loading and effect, IV amiodarone is administered as an initial dose of 15 mg/min for 10 minutes. This is followed by a…

…Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of…

…Definition and terminology Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure …

Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…R wave, S wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave and QT interval This video is accompanied by the detailed article The normal electrocardiogram (ECG…

…ECG can never achieve, and makes it visible even when it lies buried in the QRS complex or the T wave. The whole value of…

…mean nothing. Capture is verified only when every pacing spike is followed by a wide QRS complex and a pulse that can be felt. The…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

…recovery patterns within the left ventricle, resulting in a widened QRS complex and secondary ST T wave abnormalities [7]. Diagnostic Criteria The diagnostic requirements for…

…for depolarization and repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. Prolonged QT duration predisposes…

…during ventricular tachycardia can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, whereas a synchronized shock (timed to the QRS complex) avoids this risk. Synchronized cardioversion is used for organized…

…Generally, adenosine is considered safe for patients with narrow complex tachycardia (NCT). Adenosine typically causes a short lasting second or third degree AV block which…

…evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely as an electrical anomaly but as a progressive, complex atrial myopathy. For the practicing cardiologist, mastering the…

…valvular function, and ventricular function. A large body of science has demonstrated that these parameters are highly interdependent and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute…

…to prolonged QT interval The QT interval is the time interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave…

…ventricular rate slower than 50 beats per minute. P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II…

…below. PR interval and PR segment The PR interval stretches from the onset of the P wave to the onset of the QRS complex. It…

…3. QRS complex Check QRS duration < 0.12 s (normally 0.07–0.10 s). There must be a limb lead with an amplitude…

…Heart rate Heart rhythm The P wave The PR interval The QRS complex The ST segment The T wave The U wave The QT interval…

…trial. Limitations Requires detailed clinical and angiographic data. Calculation can be complex without dedicated software. May not account for all patient specific factors (e.g.…

…age, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic therapy. Anatomical and functional completeness are not synonymous. Anatomically incomplete revascularization may nevertheless be functionally complete if all…

…underlying coronary atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic…

…first year after stenting, although the risk is higher after treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and following complex PCI. Stent thrombosis remains…

…Left anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration 0,12 s…

…anterior fascicular block is diagnosed if the axis is between 45° and 90° with qR complex in aVL and QRS duration is 0,12 s…

…Their duration is short; they typically disappear within minutes after a total occlusion in a coronary artery occurs (then of course, the ST segment will…

…abnormalities, HF and sudden cardiac death. The relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but…

…waveforms presented here. Activation of the atria is reflected as the P wave and activation of the ventricles results in the QRS complex. The T…

…of congenital heart disease reach adulthood ( Mandalenakis et al ). The largest leap in survival has been observed among cases with the most complex malformations. Indeed…

…Particularly, the degree of AV block may increase. QRS complex QRS duration becomes prolonged. ST segment ST segment depression may develop. T wave T wave…

…First degree AV block with wide QRS complex First degree AV block with normal QRS complex (QRS duration <0.12 s) is localized in the…

…atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings Sinus rhythm …

…consideration of other cardiovascular risk factors and coexisting conditions. Therapy must be tailored to each patient. Optimal blood pressure Optimal blood pressure is 115 mm…

…in chronological order: Heart rate Rhythm P wave PR interval QRS complex ST segment T wave U wave QT (QTc) interval Pediatric and neonatal electrocardiograms…

…the P wave. In ventricular pacing, the stimulation artifact precedes the QRS complex. Two artifacts are seen if both chambers are paced. The stimulation artifact…

…cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias. Figure 2. Fragmented QRS complex. These QRS configurations are also indicate of previous myocardial infarction. New conduction defect Myocardial infarction…

…always suspect pacemaker mediated tachycardia. CRT devices (cardiac resynchronization therapy) may also cause tachycardias, and these devices produce slightly narrower QRS complexes (because they stimulate…

…abnormal activation sequence of the right ventricle, resulting in a prolonged and abnormal QRS complex on the ECG. The hallmark of right bundle branch block…

…the left ventricle is many times larger than the right ventricles, which is why the QRS complex is dominated completely by left ventricular vectors. Hence…

…as a gradual prolongation of the PR interval with each successive beat until a P wave fails to conduct, resulting in a dropped QRS complex…

…morphologically different from the sinus P wave, but the QRS complex is normal (provided that intraventricular conduction is normal). This rhythm may be referred to…

…ventricular rate between 50 and 100 beats/min. P wave with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. The P wave is positive in lead II…

…circumferential shortening (Figure 1C). Left ventricular function depends on a complex interaction between the muscle fibers in these layers, which collectively produces a highly efficient…

…on concordance/discordance and Figure 1 ). If the T wave and the QRS complex head in opposite directions, the T wave is said to be…

…ventricular fibrillation. Cardioversion : Use of synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock synchronized to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia…

…No P wave, QRS complex or T wave can be seen. This is pathognomonic (unique) to ventricular fibrillation and must not be confused with any…

…entirely outside of the ventricular conduction system, and thus the ventricular depolarization is slow (yielding a wide QRS complex). Because the ventricular depolarization is abnormal…

…complex concentrate (dose by INR and weight) plus vitamin K 10 mg IV Dabigatran Idarucizumab (Praxbind) Apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban Prothrombin complex concentrate, consider within 15…