…of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of the heart, as follows:…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for at least 30 days. CTOs are common among patients undergoing coronary angiography…

…suspected Shock with a large arteriovenous difference Arterial sample, sometimes supplemented with a central venous sample Common approximate arterial reference ranges in adults are: pH…

…Femoral and popliteal arteries, involved in approximately 80–90%. Tibial and peroneal arteries, involved in approximately 40–50%. Distal disease is particularly common in older…

…responders. Left heart disease is the most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure…

…one third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left ventricular infarction, while infarction confined predominantly to the…

…a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage…

…Right dominant system is by far the most common anatomy, occurring in 90% of all individuals. Figure 2. Coronary arteries in a right dominant system…

…92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention…

…The most common serious error is dilating a vessel that turns out to be an artery — everything in the technique is designed to make sure…

…quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the principles that are common to all protocols…

…is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with new or progressive acute target organ damage. Common manifestations are hypertensive encephalopathy, intracerebral haemorrhage…

…effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling…

…effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling…

…dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and increasing age are common risk factors for CKD and CVD. Hypertension and renal disease are bidirectionally related: hypertension accelerates CKD progression…

…recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease arising after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In contemporary practice…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an acute coronary disorder caused by separation within the coronary arterial wall…

…etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as…

…effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling…

…and valvular function. Levosimendan drug is generally well tolerated. Severe adverse effects are less common. Levosimendan may be administered simultaneously with milrinone. The drugs can…

…Consequently, isolated systolic hypertension and widening pulse pressure are common in later life. These changes contribute to the complexity of defining an appropriate treatment target…

…clinical disease. HeFH affects approximately 1 in 250–300 people and is the most common inherited metabolic disorder associated with premature cardiovascular disease. Prevalence is…

…occlusion of small penetrating arteries) : This is the most common type of ischaemic stroke, resulting from the occlusion of small penetrating arteries that provide blood…

…Congenital Heart disease). Prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common class of major congenital malformations. CHD occurs in…

…valves. Table 1 presents common causes of pulmonic stenosis. Table 1. Causes of pulmonic stenosis. Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the great arteries) Dysplastic, bicuspid…

…overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic alkalosis or an arterial pH above 7.55 already before starting. Severe hypernatraemia…

…burden of comorbid disease. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction becomes particularly common among the very old. Hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and age related changes…

…involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They include anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), coronary fistulae, and myocardial…

…with clusters occurring in the morning within a few hours of awakening. Pain is the most common presenting complaint. The pain is deep and visceral…

…far the most common anatomy, occurring in 90% of all individuals. Figure 2 is also important to study, as it shows the arterial supply of…

Cardiology Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Thromboembolism Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a profound driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and…

…the location and direction of the re entry circuit. In the most common type of atrial flutter, the re entry loops around the tricuspid valve…

…other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during…

…and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a common tachyarrhythmia requiring…

…population. AF can act as a trigger for atrial flutter, and the development of AF is common following the successful ablation of typical flutter. Furthermore…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Principles of atrial and ventricular enlargement (hypertrophy and dilatation) Cardiac chamber enlargement refers to abnormally large atria or abnormally large ventricles…

…disease is the most common cause (Figure 1). The P wave amplitude is 2.5 mm in P pulmonale. P mitrale: left atrial enlargement (hypertrophy…

…is the atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings…

Echocardiography Mitral regurgitation Causes of mitral regurgitation The most common cause of mitral regurgitation in high income countries is age related degeneration of the valvular…

…clinical features, mechanisms, ECG & management Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common tachyarrhythmia observed across all age groups, from children to the elderly, and…

…tachycardias (e.g.atrial fibrillation). Because digoxin may cause life threatening arrhythmias, every healthcare provider must be able to recognize common digoxin ECG changes and…

…individuals in most societies. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…which is synonymous with ischemic heart disease, is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. It has been the number one killer in Western and…

…depolarization (i.e they display automaticity) and can therefore act as latent pacemakers (which become active when atrial impulses do not reach the atrioventricular node)…

Echocardiography Left ventricular function and its echocardiographic assessment Cardiac function depends on a large number of parameters, including atrial function, valvular function, and ventricular function…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…or tumors. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause, in which scenario tricuspid stenosis is virtually always accompanied by aortic or mitral disease (most commonly…

…Atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation and flutter, are common and may precipitate heart failure [8, 10]. Refractory atrial arrhythmias resistant to antiarrhythmic drugs or repeated…

…significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure…

…atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg…

…myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney…

…the left ventricle. The rapid onset results in a sudden increase in LVEDP (left ventricular end diastolic pressure) and LAP (left atrial pressure). The left…

…with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and include electrolyte disorders, metabolic disorders…

…and are more common among women. Approximately 80% of all myxomas are localized in the left atrium (most of them originate from the atrial septum)…

…sided heart failure, which is explained by the fact that high pressure in the right atrium leads to a decrease in atrial filling. Respiratory variations…

…is the atrial rate (beats/min)? P waves should precede every QRS complex and the P wave should be positive in lead II. Common findings…

…following conditions may cause intermittent bradycardia: Extrasystoles (premature ventricular beats or premature atrial supraventricular beats) can cause transient AV blocks by affecting the AV node…

…Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words…