…and the operating theatre. Careful electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal…

…induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist and are frequently combined to…

…induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist and are frequently combined to…

…disease is the most common risk factor for PH. It produces postcapillary PH through elevation of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure. In some patients…

…disease, aspirin reduced the combined incidence of non fatal MI, non fatal ischaemic stroke, and vascular death from 8.2% to 6.7% per year…

…tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen, atherosclerotic plaque, and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis…

…and an arterial line for prolonged pacing. Venous access, oxygen, suction, airway equipment. Analgesia and sedation: an opioid (morphine or fentanyl) combined with a benzodiazepine…

…with established clinical ASCVD require LDL C lowering to reduce recurrent major cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease events and mortality. The

…distinguishing it from angina pectoris. The location of the pain beneath the xiphoid and epigastrium, combined with patient denial, often leads to a mistaken impression…

…counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic…

…ventricular function and the anticipated benefit–risk balance of revascularization. Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…left ventricular filling falls and cardiac output may become markedly depressed. Right sided filling pressures—including central venous, right atrial, and right ventricular end diastolic…

…recurrence of a wide variety of supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), including atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, AV node reentry, and AV reentry. In the management of AF…

…stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation…

…Presently, this treatment is confined to well equipped centers and is generally reserved for meticulously selected cases. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems…

…sinus rhythm and a heart rate above 70 beats/min. The reduction in the combined outcome of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalisation was related…

…Systolic Excursion). Study the movement and opening of the aortic valve. Study the movement and opening of the mitral valve. Left atrial dimension. TAPSE (Tricuspid…

…reflects both epicardial stenosis and the coronary microcirculation. Microvascular dysfunction may impair maximal vasodilation even when the epicardial arteries are normal, and it may amplify…

…lesion specific and largely independent of resting hemodynamics; guideline reference standard. Requires pressure wire + vasodilator (cost, time, patient discomfort); falsely normal in microvascular dysfunction (diabetes…

…conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The…

…systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral…

…is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The activation wavefront propagates in a craniocaudal direction down the right atrial free…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor…

…Postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Combined beta adrenergic and alpha adrenergic blocker with rapid onset of action. Labetalol has less antihypertensive efficacy as compared with…

…systolic function and their combined use allows for careful mapping of systolic function. It is important to be familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of…

…a symptomatic or large pneumothorax, recurrent malignant effusion (often combined with pleurodesis), and in chest trauma and postoperatively. Emergency needle decompression: a clinical suspicion of…

…heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive…

…and cost. The pathophysiological substrate of angina may differ between patients. Myocardial ischaemia may result predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease, coronary vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction…

…Infection, hypovolaemia, cardiac dysfunction, haemodynamic instability, anaemia and other nephrotoxic exposures may contribute to tubular injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with…

…therefore identify clinically important vascular dysfunction even when regional perfusion images appear normal. Radionuclide imaging can also assess viability. SPECT and PET perfusion imaging evaluate…

…All degrees of AV block. Sinus node dysfunction and tach brady syndrome. Ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsade de pointes. Hypocalcemia Causes of hypocalcemia Acute…

…grey zone. A morning value below about 100 nmol/L strongly suggests insufficiency, and a value above about 350–400 nmol/L makes it unlikely;…

…ritonavir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, some calcium channel blockers, colchicine, ciclosporin, warfarin and grapefruit juice. Gemfibrozil should not be combined with statins because it alters statin…

…in reperfusion therapy. Advanced ECG interpretation, combined with clinical assessment and imaging modalities, has been shown to improve the identification of these patients. Although current…

…principally by neointimal hyperplasia. Contemporary DES combine a metallic scaffold, a polymeric or polymer free drug delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has…

…hypertrophy, LV dysfunction, or other pathology that could affect the safety or interpretation of the examination. Evaluation and Physical Examination Before stress echocardiography, clinical assessment…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…perform systematic interpretation may actually be detrimental. We have therefore compiled a pocket guide with a universal interpretation algorithm. These 22 pages includes all you…

…coined in 1858 by Virchow (the same Virchow who unraveled thrombosis). He used te term to describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and…

…Type I: originates in the ascending aorta and extends through the arch, usually into the descending aorta. Type II: is confined to the ascending aorta…

…imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. In many cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction…

…pronounced in the left ventricle. Rarely the condition is confined to the left ventricle. ARVC causes ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac arrest; the disease is…

…repolarization was coined. This notion was overturned in 2008 when Haïssaguerre et al reported a strong association between the early repolarization pattern and sudden cardiac…

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

…compiled by Dr Araz Rawshani, of the most widely used books in ECG education. Review of the most popular ECG books and resources Recognizing that…